Cell Structures and their functions The Cell Parts Chart

Cell Membrane Controls what enters and exits the cell. Selectively permeable Separates the cell from its environment Made mainly of phospholipids

Cell Membrane

CELL WALL Provides shape and support. Contains the carbohydrate cellulose in plants = rigidity, strength. Found in all plant cells, most bacterial cells, most fungal cells, and most protists cells. NEVER in animal cells!

NUCLEUS *Only found in eukaryotic cells *Controls all cell functions by maintaining the integrity of the DNA and by regulating gene expression.

NUCLEOLUS * Produces ribosomes

NUCLEOLUS NUCLEUS

CHROMATIN * DNA coiled around proteins in non-dividing cells. Controls the cell by serving as a set of instructions for the production of proteins. Referred to as chromosomes when a cell is dividing.

Cytoplasm The area between the nucleus of the cell and the cell membrane. Location of the cytoskeleton and all organelles

Cytosol (A.K.A Protoplasm) Water-based jelly like filling inside of the cell membrane serves as a location for many chemical reactions. Part of the cytoplasm

MITOCHONDRIA (pl.) Mitochondrion (sing.) * Sites of aerobic respiration = food molecules are broken down and most of the ATP energy is produced.

Mitochondrion

RIBOSOMES Sites of Protein Synthesis = amino acids are linked to form a polypeptide chain which is then folded into a protein (in the rough E.R.) Those floating freely in the cytoplasm with produce protein that will stay in the cell.

Ribosomes

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Produces proteins that will either leave the cell or be used in the cell membrane. Checks to see if a polypeptide chain has the correct amino acid sequence Folds polypeptide chains into a 3-D protein Studded with ribosomes = Rough

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Involved in the synthesis of lipids and produces phospholipids for use in the cell membrane. Lacks ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

CYTOSKELETON * A network of protein microtubules and microfilaments that moves materials around inside of the cell (intracellular transport) and also helps a cell to move.

CYTOSKELETON

CENTRIOLES In animals cells only Move the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division (mitosis and meiosis)

CENTRIOLES

CENTRIOLES

GOLGI APPARATUS Modifies (adds materials) and packages proteins (enzymes) (encloses the molecule in a membranous sac = vesicle) to be distributes inside and outside of the cell. Produces lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus

LYSOSOMES * Use digestive enzymes to break down worn out cell parts, food, and/or foreign particles.

Lysosomes

VACUOLES Storage sites for water, nutrients, and wastes. May also assist with digestion and removal of excess water.

Vacuoles The light blue structure are the vacuoles. .

Central Vacuole *Storage of water containing dissolved substances. *In a plant cell *Storage of water containing dissolved substances. *Helps to maintain turgor pressure inside the cell which adds rigidity to the cell.

* Always green due to the light-capturing pigment chlorophyll. CHLOROPLASTS * Sites of photosynthesis = process that enables autotrophs to produce food in cells that exposed to the sun. * Always green due to the light-capturing pigment chlorophyll.

CHROMOPLASTS *Produce and store carotenoid pigments (orange, yellow, red) that color the organism. Help to trap energy from the sun and pass it to the chloroplast for use during photosynthesis

Marigold Flower Petal Chromoplasts

Red Pepper Chromoplasts

Produce and Store starch Amyloplasts Produce and Store starch Never pigmented.

Peroxisomes Contain digestive enzymes and hydrogen peroxide Break down fatty acid and alcohol

Microtubules and Microfilaments Part of the cytoskeleton Connect to the cell membrane and to all organelles Help to move the cell and the organelles inside of the cell