Karyotyping  

appearance of chromosomes. What is it? Karyotypes are images  showing the number and  appearance of chromosomes.

The Process http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqWscBELvjg Stains adhere to chromosomes which are separated into chromosomes and then paired.

Why? Chromosomes can be used to detect genetic defects or the sex of offspring.

Diseases Karyotypes detect "aneuploidies," abnormalities from chromosomes, like Down's syndrome, Trisomy 18, and Turner syndrome.

Knowledge of predisposition Advantages Knowledge of predisposition to certain diseases and conditions. Better knowledge for parents of children.

Disadvantages Against religious ideas, expensive, knowledge of predisposition, tough ethical and moral decisions.

By: Neeraj Suresh

•Amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus to check for birth defects

This fluid contains fetal cells and various chemicals produced by the baby.

Down syndrome Cystic Fibrosis Sickle cell anemia Tay-Sachs

The fluid is being taken out of the uterus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvqJ4lX5I8o Ultrasound image of the procedure

Amniocentesis is usually done after the fifteenth week of pregnancy

Family history of a genetic disorder Chromosomal abnormality in a previous pregnancy Age 35+

Needle injury Cramping/Vaginal bleeding Miscarriage(about 0.25% chance) Amniotic fluid leaking Infection 99.4% success rate

Ultrasounds Quick, affordable, portable and non-invasive

Ultrasound  Wavelength of sound that goes above the frequency of the human ear.

"Sounds You Can See" Sound penetrates through a medium . The reflected sound is measured and created into a picture.

Examines.... - Urology - Cardiology - Obstetrics and Gynecology      - detects problems and general info of fetus

Cons Hard to interpret Image information is limited Cannot read through tissues and gas (e.g. lungs) What is this? 

Ultrasounds.... Can detect symptoms early Safe and used for all ages Quick Carotid Artery Ultrasound - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Y7UhtTLfS0