OK everyone get ready to learn a new vocabulary term.

Mutations, adaptations, and extinction In this video we talk about mutations.

Before we define the term mutation, let’s review some other words that you already learned, and make sure you are firm in your understanding.

Inheritable Remember that parents’ hereditary material gives traits—such as eye color, hair color, blood type, or height—to their offspring, or children. Humans have hereditary traits. So do animals, plants, and other organisms.

DNA: The hereditary material in almost all organisms Also, remember that DNA is the hereditary material in all organisms.

Genes: Parts of DNA that carry information that determines your traits And genes are the parts of DNA that carry the information that determines your traits—such as hair color, height, baldness, and blood type.

Now let’s pause for a moment to review the information we have covered already.

What does inheritable mean? A trait that is received by choice A trait that is received by hard work A trait that is received by genes A trait that is received by the environment What does inheritable mean?

What does inheritable mean? A trait that is received by choice A trait that is received by hard work A trait that is received by genes A trait that is received by the environment C. A trait that is received by genes.

Mutation Now, Let’s define mutation.

A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene Mutation: A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

That is the basic definition, but there is a bit more you need to know.

Mutations are caused by unrepaired damage to DNA or problems when DNA makes a copy of, or replicates, itself.

Explicit cue to signal examples of term Let’s look at some examples mutations.

Beneficial Neutral Harmful Mutation Beneficial Neutral Harmful Improved Ability to Survive! A mutation can be beneficial and improve an organism’s ability to survive in its environment…

An example of a beneficial mutation is a special type of tomato plant that can survive with less water. This is a beneficial mutation because the plant is able to survive in a drought.

Another example of a beneficial mutation is that bacterium can have a mutation that makes it resistant to an antibiotic. This is a beneficial mutation because it helps bacterium survive and pass on its resistant genes.

Beneficial Neutral Harmful Mutation Beneficial Neutral Harmful A mutation can also be harmful and hurt the species’ chance of survival…

An example of a harmful mutation is cancer. Cancer in humans is caused by mutations in the genes. These mutations are harmful because cancer makes someone sick and does not help people survive.

Beneficial Neutral Harmful Mutation Beneficial Neutral Harmful Mutations can be neutral and have no effect at all.

There is a mutation that causes an animal to have two different colored eyes. This is a neutral mutation because it does not help a species survive but it also does not harm the species’ chance of survival--it has no effect.

NON Let’s talk about some non-examples of mutations. These are things that might seem similar but do not fit the definition of mutations.

Injuries are NOT Mutations A non example is an injury like a broken nose or a broken arm. Even though they change an organisms body, they are not a mutation because it is not the result of a change in DNA.

Dying your hair is NOT a mutation A non example is dying your hair. Even though this changes an organisms hair color, this are not a mutation because it is not the result of a change in DNA.

Let’s review what we have learned one more time.

What is a mutation? A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene B. A change in physical features such as a broken bone C. A change in an organism that only helps improve its survival chances D. A change in an organism that has no effect on its chances of survival What is a mutation?

What is a mutation? A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene B. A change in physical features such as a broken bone C. A change in an organism that only helps improve its survival chances D. A change in an organism that has no effect on its chances of survival A. A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

Which of the following is NOT a type of mutation? Resistance to medicine Different colored eyes Cancer Broken arm Which of the following is not a type of mutation?

Which of the following is NOT a type of mutation? Resistance to medicine Different colored eyes Cancer Broken arm D. Broken arm

Adaptation Now, Let’s define adaptation.

Adaptation A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment

(Can be in response to biotic or abiotic factors) Adaptation (Can be in response to biotic or abiotic factors)

Explicit cue to review examples of adaptations Now, let’s talk about some examples of adaptations.

YES Water conservation

YES White fur and large feet

NON Let’s talk about some non-examples of adaptation. .

NO A banana ripening is not an adaptation Does not help the banana survive

Let’s review what we have learned.

What is an adaptation?

How is an adaptation the same as/different than a mutation?

What is an adaptation? A. A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment B. A change in physical features such as a hair cut C. A change in an organism that only helps improve its survival chances D. A change in an organism that has no effect on its chances of survival What is a mutation?

What is an adaptation? A. A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment B. A change in physical features such as a hair cut C. A change in an organism that only helps improve its survival chances D. A change in an organism that has no effect on its chances of survival What is a mutation?

Extinction Now, Let’s define extinction.

Occurs when every individual of a species has died Extinction Occurs when every individual of a species has died

Now, let’s talk about some examples of extinction.

YES (Died during ice age) Woolly Mammoth

YES Dodo bird Dodo bird

NON Let’s talk about some non-examples of adaptation. .

NO These are still living

Let’s review what we have learned one more time.

Term Meaning Mutation Adaptation Extinction A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene Adaptation A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment Extinction Occurs when every individual of a species has died Summary

Questions

What must a mutation result in? A change in an organisms’ body A change in the DNA of an organism A change in the ability of an organism to survive None of the above What must a mutation result in?

What must a mutation result in? A change in an organisms’ body A change in the DNA of an organism A change in the ability of an organism to survive None of the above B. A change in the DNA of an organism

Mutations can be -- Harmful Beneficial Neutral All of the above D

Beneficial Neutral Harmful Mutations can be -- Harmful Beneficial Neutral All of the above Mutation Beneficial Neutral Harmful D

Sea anemones are poisonous, but clownfish have developed a layer of mucus that protects them from the stinging cells. The mucus is best described as --- An adaptation A relationship An energy requirement A social hierarchy A mutation An adaptation A relationship An energy requirement A social hierarchy Mutation Taken from Practice Test (item #1)

Sea anemones are poisonous, but clownfish have developed a layer of mucus that protects them from the stinging cells. The mucus is best described as --- An adaptation A relationship An energy requirement A social hierarchy A mutation An adaptation A relationship An energy requirement A social hierarchy Mutation Taken from Practice Test (item #1)

If a species becomes extinct, that means --- All of its members are still alive All individuals in the species have reproduced There are only a few remaining members living All members of the species have died All of its members are still alive All individuals in the species have reproduced There are only a few remaining members living All members of the species have died

If a species becomes extinct, that means --- All of its members are still alive All individuals in the species have reproduced There are only a few remaining members living All members of the species have died All of its members are still alive All individuals in the species have reproduced There are only a few remaining members living All members of the species have died

Remember!!! So remember! <keep this slide>

A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene Mutation: A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

Adaptation A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment

Occurs when every individual of a species has died Extinction Occurs when every individual of a species has died

Activity Activity: Mutations & Variations Materials: Resources: Each group will receive a “mutation” before they try to gather the peanuts (see next slide) Spread peanuts on a blanket Each group positions themselves at a home location in a part of the room Start a timer and tell each group to proceed to the blanket and gather then peanuts Continue procedure here Materials: Dry peanuts Blanket Table/desk Cups Craft sticks Goggles Cotton and string Duct tape Paper bag w/ letters A-H Resources: http://www.cosee-west.org/AprilLectureMaterials/Activities/Mutations&Variation.pdf Full procedure: http://www.cosee-west.org/AprilLectureMaterials/Activities/Mutations&Variation.pdf 1. Which mutation caused the greatest delay in acquiring food? 2. Which mutation caused the greatest delay in processing and consuming food? 3. What would these mutations do to the population of the environment? 4. What were some adaptations to the mutations that group members came up with?

“Mutations”

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Questions or Comments to Michael Kennedy, Ph.D. This Video Created With Resources From: Cooperative Agreement # R324B130023 Curry School Foundation’s Research and Development Fund Questions or Comments to Michael Kennedy, Ph.D. MKennedy@Virginia.edu