RESEARCH METHODS 8-10% 250$ 250$ 250$ 250$ 500$ 500$ 500$ 500$ 750$ This method uses a controlled environment to test hypotheses. It is the only research method that can determine cause-effect relationships. What is… the CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT 250$ What is... the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE [IV] 250$ The factor that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment is called the _________ variable. This is the variable that is being measured - usually a behavior or mental process. 250$ What is... the DEPENDENT VARIABLE [DV] What is… a] POPULATION This includes all the individuals in the group to which a study applies: a] population b] sample c] random sample d] control group 250$ 500$ What is… the CONTROL GROUP In an experiment, this is the group that does not receive the treatment. What is... the EXPERIMENTAL GROUP In an experiment, this is the group that gets the treatment. 500$ What are... c] CONFOUNDING VARIABLES Differences between the experimental and the control group other than those resulting from the IV are called: a] operational definitions b] random selection c] confounding variables d] dependent variables 500$ A procedure that is used to eliminate confounding variables/experimenter bias. It requires that neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group. 500$ What is… the DOUBLE-BLIND PROCEDURE In an experiment, the control group is often given an imitation of the treatment. This is called... 750$ What is... a PLACEBO 750$ A specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable is called: a] a blind procedure b] a quasi-experiment c] an operational definition d] a placebo effect What is... c] an OPERATIONAL DEFINITION What is... EXPERIMENTER BIAS [or the experimenter expectancy effect] 750$ A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained. The difference between “between-subects design” and “within-subjects design”. 750$ What is... “BETWEEN-subjects design”: the participants in the exp. and control group are different individuals. vs. WITHIN-subject design: a research design that uses each participant as his or her own control

RESEARCH METHODS 8-10% 250$ 250$ 250$ 250$ 500$ 500$ 500$ 500$ 750$ This research method looks at the relationship between two variables without establishing cause and effect relationships. 250$ What is… CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH 250$ What is... NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION This research method allows for the collection of descriptive information about typical behavior of people or animals without manipulating any variables. This research method uses questionnaires or interviews to ask a large # of people questions about their behaviors, thoughts and attitudes. 250$ What is... the SURVEY METHOD These types of studies look at an effect and seek the cause. 250$ What are... EX POST FACTO STUDIES [or retrospective studies] The extent to which a test or survey is consistent. Subjects should answer questions the same way on two different occasions. A subject should also get the same score on a test on two different occasions. 500$ What is… RELIABILITY The extent to which a test or survey measures what it is supposed to measure. This refers to ... 500$ What is... VALIDITY 500$ A research method that involves an in-depth examination of a specific group or single person. It is especially useful in understanding complex or rare phenomena. What is... the CASE STUDY METHOD 500$ #’s that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample are called: a] frequency distributions b] descriptive statistics c] histograms d] measures of central tendency What are... b] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 750$ This measure of central tendency is also known as the “middle score”. What is... the MEDIAN What are... SKEWED DISTRIBUTIONS Distributions where most of the scores are squeezed into one end are called... 750$ 750$ This measure of central tendency is the most frequently occuring score in a set of research data. It is generally the least used measure of central tendency. What is... the MODE 750$ The 3 measures of central tendency. What are... the MEAN, the MEDIAN and the MODE

RESEARCH METHODS 8-10% 250$ 250$ 250$ 250$ 500$ 500$ 500$ 500$ A measure of variablility, this indicates the degree to which scores differ from each other and vary around the mean. 250$ What is… the STANDARD DEVIATION 250$ What is... the RANGE A measure of variability, this is simply the largest score minus the smallest score. These enable psychologists to compare scores that are initially on different scales. 250$ What are... STANDARD SCORES [or z score] A z score of 1 for an IQ test might equal 115, while a z score of 1 for the SAT in mathematics might equal 600. 250$ A statistical measure of the degree of relatedness of association between two sets of data, X and Y. What is... the CORRELATION COEFFICIENT The strength and direction of correlations can be illustrated graphically using... 500$ What are... SCATTERPLOTS or SCATTERGRAMS A measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the two groups rather than from chance alone. 500$ What is... STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 500$ A way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion. What is... META-ANALYSIS 500$ These are the ethical guidelines that are designed to protect research participants: Participants must/may... 1. give informed consent 2. have procedures/risks/benefits explained 3. choose not to participate or withdraw 4. not be deceived 5. be debriefed