Chapter 3: The Speech Process The Nature of Sound Hearing is not sound Happens within your body Sound is an actual physical event in which acoustic energy is generated. Hearing is the way you receive that acoustic energy from the air; changed into meaningful nerve impulses.

Sound Consists of vibratory energy that travels through molecules of the air in ever-widening circles away from the source of the sound. To produce sound need three things: A vibrator A force Medium Example page 24

Characteristics of Sound Frequency and pitch Frequency is the number of vibrations that occur in a given period of time. Depends on mass, tension, and length Pitch is the highness or lowness of a sound Intensity and loudness Intensity is the measurement of the amount of energy a sound has. Loudness is the subjective interpretation of intensity. Complexity and quality Complexity is the overall composition of the relative intensities and frequencies of the pure tones that make up a complex wave. Quality is based on the physical characteristics of frequency, intensity, phrase, etc. Figure 3.3 on page 27

Innervation Innervation Process of supplying nerve impulses to muscles Involves: abdomen and chest (control breathing; larynx (production of voice); pharynx, larynx, and mouth (resonate sounds); muscles that control the tongue, palate, and lips (articulation). Example: “Four score and seven years ago”

Breathing Breathing is used as a force to move the vibrator. Defined as the process of bringing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Breathing mechanism (figure 3.4 page 29) Breathing for speech Take in the amount of air you need for the number of words you need to say, and take it in as quickly as possible. Diaphragm

Phonation Phonation is the production of sound using the larynx Figure 3.8 page 33 Sound Production process (page 33) Pitch Determined by the length of vocal folds Vary pitch to give speech intonation patterns (rising pitch at the end of many questions)

Resonance Resonance is the amplification and modification of sound by the cavities of the vocal tract. Larynx, pharynx, sinuses, oral cavity, and nasal cavity Example of soda bottle Pitch will vary with the amount of air in the bottle The resonators (cavities in head and neck) are used to transform buzz to voice)

Head and Neck

Articulation Articulation is the production of speech sounds as a result of movement of the structures of the vocal track. Tongue, teeth, lips, gum ridge, hard palate, soft palate, lower jaw, and glottis (space between vocal folds). Figure 3-11 page 37 Say “hee-haw” Say “kick” Say “tea”

The Articulators Tongue Teeth Lips Hard Palate Soft Palate (Velum) Lower Jaw Glottis Gum Ridge (Alveolar Ridge)

Vocabulary Organs Efficient Expressive Acoustic Vibrator Molecule Rarefactions Medium Intangible Innervation Phonation Resonance Articulation Initiate Trachea Cartilage Diaphragm Contraction Aerodynamic Resonate