Chemistry FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2

Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 13.1 A Molecular Representation of the Reaction 2NO2(g) ® N2O4(g) Over Time in a Closed Vessel Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 13.2 Changes in Concentrations Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 13.3 H20 and CO Begin to React and Reach Equilibrium Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 13.4 The Changes with Time in the Rates of Forward and Reverse Reactions Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 13.5 The Ammonia Synthesis Equilibrium Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 13.6 CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 13.7 The Difference between Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stabilities Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 13.8 A Mixture of N2, H2, and NH3 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 13.9 The Effect of Decreased Volume on the Ammonia Synthesis Equilibrium Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.