Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry Section 9.1 Carbon Compounds

Organic Compounds Contains Carbon and Hydrogen Over 90% of all Known Compounds

Did you know Carbon has 4 valence electrons Did you know Carbon has 4 valence electrons? How many bonds can one carbon atom form?

Double Bonds or a Triple Bond Carbon Can also Form Double Bonds or a Triple Bond

Diamonds Hardest Substance (Rigid, Compact, and Strong) Composed of Network of Covalent bonds

Graphite Soft and slippery Arranged in layers Used in lubricating machinery and pencils

Fullerenes Large, hollow spheres Found in meteorites “Bucky Balls” or C60 is an arrangement of alternating hexagons and pentagons- like a soccer ball

Saturated Hydrocarbons = Alkanes Straight chains only single bonds Methane H H- C- H Propane H H H H-C-C-C-H H H H Octane H H H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H

More Alkanes Branched Isomers- have same chemical formula but different arrangements Isomers have different chemical and physical properties Rings Carbons are joined into a ring shape Can also have same chemical formula as the straight chain or branched chain Example: butane, isobutane, and cyclobutane

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Contains one or more double or triple bonds Alkenes- Double bond, “-ene” ending Alkynes- Triple bond, “-yne” ending, most reactive hydrocarbon Aromatics- Unsaturated ring structure, many have strong aromas or odors

Fossil Fuels Coal- solid, 300 mya, formed in swamps Natural gas- formed from marine organisms, mostly methane, but also ethane, propane, butane. Petroleum- also formed from marine organisms, “crude oil”, complex mixture of hydrocarbons, separated into fractions like gasoline and heating oil

Combustion of fossil fuels Incomplete Combustion 2C3H8+7O2→6CO+8H2O Complete Combustion C3H8+5O2→3CO2+4H2O

ACID Rain Normal Rain slightly acidic pH 5.6 Acid Rain has pH as low as 2.7

9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons

3 Functional Groups Alcohol- Contains –OH “hydroxyl group”, ends in “-ol” Organic Acid- Contains –COOH “carboxyl group” and end in “–oic” Organic Base- Contains –NH2 “amine” Esters- Organic acid + Alcohol = -COOC , produces odors in flowers and processed food

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