Today’s goals- unit 2 grammar Review concepts from unit 1 grammar Introduce strategies for formal writing Discuss compound and complex sentence structures

Class discussion- unit 1 grammar What were the most important concepts you learned in the unit 1 grammar class? What were the types of verb phrases we discussed? How can we identify them? Verbs in English must agree with what two parts of the sentence? What is the difference between global and local revisions? When are they used?

Class discussion- formality in writing Why/when do we need to be formal in our writing? How might formal language/strategies be different between these three different genres: a peer reviewed research report, a persuasive essay, a podcast, and a business letter? What are strategies for making your writing more formal?

Formality in writing Formality is gradable You may need to be more or less formal in a particular context To determine level of formality, consider rhetorical context: What is my purpose? Who is my audience? What are the expectations of this genre?

Formality in writing General formal writing strategies Make your writing clear, structured, and detailed Avoid 1st and 2nd person Use titles where appropriate Use complex and discipline specific language Avoid figurative language and idioms Edit thoroughly Use passive voice for maximum objectivity (particularly in research writing) Avoid absolutes/use qualifiers Avoid contractions (in very formal writing) Follow prescriptive grammar rules (covered in ENC1101)

Formality in writing Make your writing clear, structured, and detailed Keep writing focused on your thesis Avoid ambiguous pronoun usage (particularly in your thesis) Have clear transitions and forecasting Use details and examples to illustrate and support your points Avoid 1st and 2nd person “I think the government should intervene to stop global warming” “After reviewing this evidence, you will feel compelled to increase gun laws”

Formality in writing Use titles where appropriate Very important in business and academic contexts Address others, particularly superiors, with the titles of their position or credentials Avoid colloquial address terms (bro, girl, dude, etc) Sir, miss, or ma’am may be used where necessary Avoid figurative language and idioms “Research like this is a dime a dozen”

Formality in writing Use passive voice for maximum objectivity (in research writing) “I performed the experiment” vs. “The experiment was performed” Avoid contractions (in very formal writing) Avoid absolutes/use qualifiers “The government must provide healthcare to all of its citizens” “The study showed that playing video games will increase aggressive behavior”

Class discussion- sentence structures How much of sentence structure and punctuation have you discussed in your EGL courses? What are the necessary elements in an English sentence? What is the difference between a compound sentence and a complex sentence?

Common Sentence Structures Compound sentences: have more than one independent clause Independent clause, (coordinating conjunction) independent clause Independent clause; independent clause Complex sentences: have an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses Independent clause (subordinate conjunction) dependent clause (Subordinate conjunction) Dependent clause, independent clause Note: it is possible to have sentences that are compound as well as complex

Examples Where would we add commas here to separate dependent and independent clauses? Are these sentences compound, complex, or both? I have never been to Australia but I have always wanted to go Because I was always so stubborn I couldn’t admit defeat We won’t have more paper until I go to the store The scientist wasn’t sure about his theory and it showed in his presentation Although I have always wanted to play basketball I am probably too short

conjunctions Coordinate conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions Remember: FAN BOYS For And Nor But Or Yet So Because Although After Before While Though Unless Until (and many others)

Common Comma Usage Separate clauses (may require a conjunction) List items in a series Offset quotations Offset Introductory element Show non-restrictive elements

Items in a series A and B A, B, and/or C A, B (for adjectives) Examples: I bought a soda hamburger and fries from McDonalds I went to the store mailed my bills and walked the dog I have never seen such a colorful elegant dress before Jason brought cups and napkins to the party

Nonrestrictive Elements Where would it be necessary to add commas to show nonrestrictive elements here? Her stepfather whom she disliked intensely was a deadbeat The three police officers who had just finished eating donuts arrived at the scene of the crime

Group activity- unit 2 grammar In your unit 2 groups Read through the Unit 2 Worksheet, edit any mistakes you find, and answer the questions as directed

homework Historical Marker Presentations Begin on Tuesday Should be 2-5 minutes long Should include the full version of your marker Should have visual aids to help your classmates better understand your location Will be evaluated by your classmates