TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION QUIZ: Tuesday 10/18 TEST: Fri. 10/28

What is Taxonomy? How is it done? Taxonomy a branch of biology that deals with classifying and naming organisms Scientists look at similarities and differences in organisms

Back in the day… Aristotle (~360 BC) came up with a system of classifying organisms. ANIMALS and PLANTS Based on habits Very inconsistent Carl Linnaeus (~1735) improved Aristotle’s classification system and his is still used today Founder of taxonomy

Why Classify??? For order and organization Ease of adding newly discovered organisms Shows relationships between organisms Beyond language barriers and common names

Cell Type Prokaryote Eukaryote Organisms that DO NOT HAVE a membrane bound NUCLEUS Eukaryote Organisms that HAVE a membrane bound NUCLEUS

Body Type Unicellular Multicellular Uni- means ONE Organism made up of ONE CELL Multicellular Multi- means MANY Organism made up of MANY CELLS

Nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic Create their own energy from sun or chemicals Producers Heterotrophic Rely on other organisms for energy Consumers

Cell Wall Cell structure that surrounds a cell Provides support and protection Can be made up of: chitin, cellulose, peptidoglycan, silica, proteins

Kingdom Phylum King Phillip Came Gets more specific Over For Good Linnaeus’s System of Classification Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Order Over Family For Gets more specific Genus Good Spaghetti Species

Order: Primates Family: Hominidae LINNAEAN  CLASSIFICATION  OF  HUMANS   Kingdom:   Animalia        Phylum:   Chordata            Class:   Mammalia                    Order:   Primates                                    Family:   Hominidae Genus:   Homo                                                         Species:   sapiens

Binomial Nomenclature Two word system using the genus and species of an organism Genus is always capitalized…species is always lowercase Both genus and species are underlined or italicized EX: Humans Homo sapiens

Ursus arctos (italics) underlined Always capitalize the first letter of the Genus name!!!

Binomial Nomenclature Genus - first part of name Always use a capital letter and underline or italics Ex: Homo - humans Felis - cats, tigers, lions Ursus- bears Canis - dogs, wolves, coyotes

Binomial Nomenclature Species - second part of the name Always with a lower case letter and underline or italics. Ex: sapien - thinking familiaris - dog domesticas - cat lupus - wolves tigris - tiger latran - coyotes

Binomial Nomenclature Full binomial nomenclature: Genus species Homo sapiens Canis familiaris Felis domesticus Canis lupus

Phylogeny Scientists group organisms based on their evolutionary connections A “Family Tree”…

Barnacles, Crabs, and Limpets Which ones are most closely related?? Crabs

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES Cladograms Appendages Conical Shells Crustaceans Gastropod Barnacle Crab Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES CLADOGRAM

Cladograms A cladogram is a diagram used to show ancestral relationships between organisms Evolutionary tree of life

Quick Lab How is a cladogram constructed? Derived Characters in Organism Organism Derived Character Backbone Legs Hair Earthworm Absent Trout Present Lizard Human 1. Identify which organism is least closely related to the others. 2. Create your branches based on the differences in characters. 3. What trait separates the least closely related organism from the other animals? ANALYZING Does your cladogram indicate that lizards and humans share a more recent common ancestor when compared to an earthworm? Where would you insert a frog if you added it to the cladogram?

Cladogram Frog Lizard Human Trout Earthworm Hair Legs Backbone Amniotic Egg Hair Legs Backbone

Tools for Classifying Dichotomous Keys

Domains and Kingdoms 6 Kingdoms 3 Domains Archaebacteria Protista Bacteria Eubacteria Fungi Eukarya Plantae Animalia

Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell Type: prokaryote Cell Wall: not composed of peptidoglycan Body Type: unicellular Nutrition: autotrophic vs. heterotrophic Examples: Ancient bacteria--Extremophiles methanococcus; halophiles

Kingdom Bacteria Cell Type: prokaryote Cell Wall: composed of peptidoglycan Body Type: unicellular Nutrition: autotrophic & heterotrophic Examples: Common bacteria E. coli, streptococcus, staphylococcus

Kingdom Protista Cell Type: Eukaryotic Cell Wall: silica, calcium carbonate, proteins Body Type: unicellular & multicellular Nutrition: autotrophic & heterotrophic Examples: Misfits like--paramecium, euglena, amoeba

Kingdom Fungi Cell Type: eukaryotic Cell Wall: chitin Body Type: unicellular & multicellular Nutrition: heterotrophic (not a plant!) Examples: yeast, morel, puffball, Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold)

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae Cell Type: eukaryotic Cell Wall: composed of cellulose Body Type: multicellular Nutrition: autotrophic Examples: corn; ferns; roses; pine tree

Kingdom Animalia Cell Type: eukaryotic Cell Wall: no cell wall Body Type: multicellular Nutrition: heterotrophic Examples: manatee, shark, snakes, worms, coral, hummingbird, insects….