What is the radius (in fm) of {image} ? 6.4 17.2 16.4 5.3 5.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Two isotopes of gadolinium have the same _____. neutron number nucleon number and neutron number atomic number nucleon number mass number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What is the ratio of the radius of a classical electron ( {image} ) to the radius of a {image} nucleus ( {image} )? 1.6 2.0 0.30 1.1 0.60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What is the ratio of the density of a proton ( {image} ) to the density of a classical electron ( {image} )? 1. {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

unrelated to the stability of nuclei less than 1 equal to 1 What is the ratio of protons to neutrons for large mass number nuclei which are stable? almost 2 to 1 greater than 1 unrelated to the stability of nuclei less than 1 equal to 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Calculate the binding energy per nucleon (MeV/nucleon) for helium, ( {image} ) . Assume: {image} {image} {image} {image} 3.5 15.4 1.6 6.8 27.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Find the ratio of the binding energy per nucleon for boron ( {image} ) to uranium-238 ( {image} ). Assume: {image} {image} {image} {image} {image} {image} 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Find the binding energy (in MeV) of carbon-13 Find the binding energy (in MeV) of carbon-13. Assume: {image} {image} {image} {image} 0.889 5.88 94.0 74.3 27.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Find the binding energy per nucleon (in MeV/nucleon) of boron-10 Find the binding energy per nucleon (in MeV/nucleon) of boron-10. Assume: {image} {image} {image} {image} 6.4 6.2 3.3 {image} 1.4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

An alpha particle is emitted from a radioactive source with an energy of 5 MeV. How fast is it moving (in m/s)? ( {image} , {image} .) 1. {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

The isotope, natrium-22, has a half-life of 2. 60 years The isotope, natrium-22, has a half-life of 2.60 years. Assume we have 12 kg of the substance. What will be the disintegration constant (in {image} )? 1. {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

The isotope, sodium-22, has a half-life of 2. 60 years The isotope, sodium-22, has a half-life of 2.60 years. Assume we have 10 kg of the substance. What will be the initial decay rate, at {image} (in decays/s)? 1. 2. {image} 3. 4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

The isotope, cobalt-60, has a half-life of 5. 27 years The isotope, cobalt-60, has a half-life of 5.27 years. Assume we have 13 kg of the substance. How much tritium will be left after 14 years? 0.52 kg 2.1 kg 0.37 kg 6.6 kg 5.7 kg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

47 g of petrified wood was found in a petrified forest 47 g of petrified wood was found in a petrified forest. A sample showed a {image} activity of 110 decays/minute. How long has the tree been dead (in years)? (The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years and freshly cut wood contains {image} atoms of {image} per gram.) 3,200 16,400 15,300 6,300 7,700 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

The half-life of {image} is 7. 45 days The half-life of {image} is 7.45 days. Three days after it was prepared, its activity was {image} . How many curies (in {image} ) were initially prepared? 0.39 0.55 0.67 0.59 0.41 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

How many radioactive atoms are present in a sample that has an activity of {image} and a half-life of 9 years? ( {image} ). 1. {image} atoms 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Radioactive nuclei can decay spontaneously by emitting the following particles: _____. helium nuclei, electrons, photons quarks and leptons electrons, neutrons, protons helium nuclei, electrons, protons electrons, neutrons, photons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What value of {image} (atomic number) and {image} (mass number) result in the following alpha decay? {image} 1. {image} ; {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What value of {image} (atomic number) and {image} (mass number) result in the following {image} -decay? {image} 1. {image} ; {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What value of {image} (atomic number) and {image} (mass number) result in the following {image} -decay? {image} 1. {image} ; {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What value of {image} (atomic number) and {image} (mass number) result in the following gamma decay? {image} 1. {image} ; {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What is the disintegration energy (in MeV) associated with this spontaneous decay? {image} {image} {image} {image} {image} 7.26 2.52 2.67 3.83 5.27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

When a neutron decays, a proton and an electron are observed When a neutron decays, a proton and an electron are observed. When the electrons emitted from a sample of neutrons are observed, they are found to have different kinetic energies. This was accounted for by _____. introducing a different particle, the neutrino including the kinetic energies of the neutron and proton taking into account the uncertainties associated with Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle introducing the effect of gravity on the particles modifying the laws of conservation of momentum and energy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What is the reaction energy associated with a nuclear reaction? The total energy released as a result of the reaction. The binding energy of the nucleons. Energy called the threshold energy. Energy equivalent to the disintegration energy. The minimum energy necessary for such a reaction to occur. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What is the {image} value for the following reaction, {image} (in MeV) What is the {image} value for the following reaction, {image} (in MeV)? {image} {image} {image} {image} {image} 4.1 6.8 3.5 8.7 7.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

It is often possible to use the atomic masses when calculating the binding energy of a nucleus. What is the reason for this? The atomic masses are the same as the nuclear masses. The mass of the electron can usually be neglected when compared to the mass of the neutron. The electron masses do not cancel. Tables of nuclear masses are usually not available. The electron masses cancel. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

It is often possible to use atomic masses when calculating the binding energy of a nucleus. This is not true for the {image} decay process since _____. the electron masses do not cancel the electron masses cancel the mass of a positron cannot be neglected when compared to the mass of a nucleus a positron is an antiparticle none of the above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

How can a nucleus be described by particular values of {image} , {image} and {image} when the mass of the nucleus is not equal to {image} , where {image} and {image} are the masses of free protons and neutrons? 1. {image} , {image} and {image} describe the number of particles of given types in the nucleus, but not their masses in a bound state. {image} , {image} and {image} describe the number of particles an ideal rather than a real nucleus would have. {image} , {image} and {image} describe the number of particles of given types in the nucleus since the missing mass consists of electrons that are also present in the nucleus. {image} , {image} and {image} describe the number of particles of given types, but mass has no meaning when part of the mass is elsewhere in the universe. {image} , {image} and {image} have no intrinsic meaning. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Why are heavy nuclei unstable? The nuclear force dominates the repulsive force at distances less than 2 fm, but falls off rapidly at greater distances. Nuclei are stable only when the number of neutrons equals the number of protons. There are not enough protons present relative to the number of neutrons for the electrical force to be strong enough. Nuclei are stable only when the number of protons exceeds the number of neutrons. Each nucleon is a separate particle that is not acted on by the nuclear force. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Because we know that the half-lives of many radioactive isotopes are millions of years, we can deduce that _____. the longer it exists the more radioactive nuclei Earth produces the sun is the source of all the radioactive nuclei on Earth there must have been many more radioactive nuclei on Earth when life began the natural radioactivity of minerals on the Earth was created by the Earth's internal temperature there must have been far fewer radioactive nuclei on Earth before life began 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Rutherford's experiment, in which he fired alpha particles of 7 Rutherford's experiment, in which he fired alpha particles of 7.7 MeV kinetic energy at a thin gold foil, showed that nuclei were very much smaller than the size of an atom because _____. 1. the alpha particles split into deuterium nuclei when they encountered the gold nuclei some alpha particles passed through the foil undeflected the alpha particles could not get closer than {image} to the gold nuclei some alpha particles were captured by the gold nuclei some alpha particles were deflected backwards 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Two nuclei which share the same mass number {image} always are _____. isobars stable unstable radioactive isotopes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Two nuclei which share the same atomic number {image} always are _____. unstable isotopes radioactive isobars stable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Two nuclei may have equal {image} , but different {image} , because they contain _____. electrons as well as neutrons equal numbers of protons and neutrons equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons different numbers of protons and neutrons different numbers of protons but equal numbers of neutrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

What is the radius {image} of an approximately spherical nucleus? 1. {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Which of the effects listed below is not a major effect influencing the binding energy of the nucleus in the liquid-drop model? 1. The volume effect: the binding energy per nucleon is approximately constant when {image} . The symmetry effect: stable nuclei tend to have {image} . The quantum number effect: all nucleons in the nucleus have the same set of quantum numbers. The Coulomb repulsion effect: protons repel protons. The surface effect: nucleons in the surface have fewer neighbors. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

According to the shell model, binding energy per nucleon is greater when {image} or {image} is equal to one of the numbers below except for _____. 2 8 82 13 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

In beta decays _____. a proton changes to a neutron a neutron changes to a proton a positron is present in the nucleus before the decay first, second or third may occur only first or second may occur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Consider the following three nuclei: {image} These nuclei have the same _____. number of protons number of neutrons number of nucleons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Consider the following three nuclei: {image} These nuclei have the same _____. number of protons number of neutrons number of nucleons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Consider the following three nuclei: {image} These nuclei have the same _____. number of protons number of neutrons number of nucleons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

On your birthday, you measure the activity of a sample of {image} which has a half-life of 5.01 days. The activity you measure is {image} What is the activity of this sample on your next birthday? 1. {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Suppose you have a pure radioactive material with a half-life of {image} You begin with {image} undecayed nuclei of the material at {image} At {image} how many of the nuclei have decayed ? 1. {image} 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Which of the following is the correct daughter nucleus associated with the beta decay of {image} 1. {image} 2. 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Which of the following is the correct daughter nucleus associated with the alpha decay of {image} 1. {image} 2. 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Nuclear spin magnetic moment. Chemical properties. Which of the following do you expect not to vary substantially among different isotopes of an element? Atomic mass number. Nuclear spin magnetic moment. Chemical properties. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Does the reaction energy of a nuclear reaction represent the quantity (final mass - initial mass) {image} , or does it represent the quantity (initial mass - final mass) {image} ? 1. (initial mass - final mass) {image} (final mass - initial mass) {image} neither 2. 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Determine which decays can occur spontaneously. 1. {image} 2. 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50