Chapter 12: The Fires of Perfection NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

Preview “The Second Great Awakening unleashed a cascade of reform during the 1820s and 1830s….Some reformers withdrew from everyday life to create utopian communities; others sought humanitarian reforms such as temperance, educational improvement, women’s rights, and—most disruptive to the political system—the abolition of slavery.”

The Highlights Revivalism and the Social Order Women’s Sphere American Romanticism The Age of Reform Abolitionism Reform Shakes the Party System

Day 1

Revivalism and the Social Order Finney’s New Measures Charles Grandison Finney became the leading minister of the Second Great Awakening Emphasis on the conversion experience a scientifically timed emotionally wrenching experience The Philosophy of the New Revivals Free will replaces predestination as more American Perfectionism “aim at being holy and don’t rest until satisfied” underscored a message of optimism

Religion and the Market Economy Market era’s rapid changes spurred many people to turn toward evangelism Finney’s Rochester revival (1830-31) brought order to a chaotic city Revivalism appealed to the middle class as well as to the working class get ahead through moral self discipline Churchgoers made more $ b/c of punctuality, sobriety, and discipline The Rise of African American Churches Independent black churches arose African Methodist Episcopal Church became the most important black church AME African Methodist Episcopal started in 1816 by 1856 20,000 members

The Significance of the Second Great Awakening Evangelical Protestantism bolsters individualism and equality 1840 1/2 of pop. Church member (Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Congregationalist) American idea of individualism in which each person brings about their own salvation Appeal to the masses promoted equality and democracy

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Day 2

Women’s Sphere Women and Revivalism The Ideal of Domesticity 2:3 gender ratio of converts Women’s roles in the Awakening led to upward change in their social lives and prospects at marriage The Ideal of Domesticity Market growth put pressure on traditional women’s roles from Mom and daughter power to steam and water “sisterhood” fueled reform movements women's role as moral guide at home and in schools Role as guardian explains role in revivalism exemplified in Catherine Beecher

The Middle-Class Family in Transition 25% decline in the birthrate, 1800-1850, rise in abortion and birth control, lead to 5.4 kids per woman Rise of privacy and separation of work and home Educational opportunities increased for middle-class families resulted in delayed marriages

American Romanticism Emerson and Transcendentalism Emerson and American Transcendentalists emphasized feeling and intuition over reason: Unlimited potential of individual freed from restraints Romanticism spurred the emergence of a distinct American literature emphasizing spiritual connection w/ nature The Clash between Nature and Civilization James F. Cooper Leatherstocking Tales emphasized the clash btwn civilization and wilderness Thoreau emphasized individualism in Walden and “On Civil Disobedience” rejected institutions to personal rights WAR TAX REFUSAL

Songs of the Self-Reliant and Darker Loomings Walt Whitman embraced the variety in American society “Song of Myself” emotion, individual, nature Nathaniel Hawthorne rejected the fervent American belief that the past could be escaped “The Scarlet Letter” challenged sexual and community hypocrisy in N.E. Herman Melville wrote about nature’s destructive power Moby Dick demonstrated greed of commercialism on society and destruction of individualism that becomes monomania

SOAPS 11-10 and 1-3

Day 3

The Age of Reform Utopian Communities: communities that would demonstrate the possibilities of perfection Emphasized cooperation and spiritual unity Shaker movement grew out of the Second Great Awakening practiced celibacy and apocalyptic The Oneida Community and complex marriage planed sexual unions through communal arrangement for scientifically perfect children

Socialist Communities The Mormon Experience Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith Book of Mormon and the Golden Tablets Movement to restore the ancient church through theocracy City of Zion: Nauvoo, Illinois baptizing the dead, eternal marriage, polygamy 1846: Mormons left Nauvoo with Brigham Young and arrived in Utah Socialist Communities Belief that agriculture, manufacturing, and environment could be balanced Robert Owen and New Harmony, Indiana Brook Farm, Massachusetts, organized by George Ripley

The Temperance Movement Negative impacts of alcohol consumption Attack on drinking by the American Temperance Society Broad appeal of the temperance movement resulted in success Educational Reform Horace Mann leads common school movement establishing public schools Increased prevalence of female education Mary Lyon founded Mt. Holyoke The Asylum Movement Solitary confinement and absolute silence Dorothea Dix and care for the mentally ill

AP PG 118

Day 4

Abolitionism The Beginnings of the Abolitionist Movement William Lloyd Garrison founded The Liberator (1831)—called for immediate abolition Free blacks organized to oppose colonization arguing it was racist Fredrick Douglas, Sojurner Truth, William Still Abolitionists view slavery as a moral evil contrary to the American revolution and idea of human rights

The Spread of Abolitionism 1832 American Anti-Slavery Society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, Lewis Tappan, and Theodore Weld Abolitionists concentrated in the Northeast Weld enrolls in 1832 at Lane Seminary rebellion in 1834 a result of abolitionist fervor and reaction to it Many black abolitionists such as Sojourner Truth and David Walker were important in the movement Opponents and Divisions Divisions among abolitionists grew out of disagreements over how best to end slavery and reform society through church, revoltuion, or pacifism

The Women’s Rights Movement Second class citizens Sarah and Angeline Grimke wrote Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes arguing for equal rights Seneca Falls Convention (1848) raised the stature of the women’s rights movement Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott education, sufferage, legal, Few victories prior to 1860 The Schism of 1840 Decision to allow female officeholders in the American Anti-Slavery Society caused a split in the abolitionist movement

Reform Shakes the Party System Women and the Right to Vote Participation in reform movements did not lead to suffrage for women The Maine Law 1851: first law prohibiting liquor sales passed in Maine Other states followed, but most laws struck down by courts Divided whigs and democrats alike

Abolitionism and the Party System 1835: censorship of abolitionist mailings provoked nationwide controversy “Gag rule” in 1836 tabled petitions dealing with slavery in the House of Representatives Liberty Party founded as the political arm of the abolitionist movement “Abolition was potentially the most dangerous… because slavery was so deeply and profitably intertwined with the industrial system. …as late as 1840 abolition lacked the power to threaten the political system.”

The Liberator 11-6 SOAPS and 1-3

Day 5