Sexually Transmitted Diseases Chapter 20 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-1

Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterium that is spread by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of males and females One of the major sexually transmitted diseases Nongonococcal urethritis - refers to chlamydia infection in males Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-2

Symptoms Male: thin, clear discharge and mild discomfort on urination Women: asymptomatic Treatment - curable with azithromycin or doxycycline Prevention - screening, consistent use of a condom Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-3

HPV Human papilloma virus - causes genital warts Diagnosis - inspection of the warts, analysis of DNA Treatment - podophyllin acid, cryotherapy, laser therapy Vaccine - currently being tested Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-4

Genital Herpes A disease of the genital organs caused by the herpes simplex virus Type II Symptoms - small, painful bumps or blisters on the genitals on vaginal lips on females and penis on males 45 million Americans (22%) are infected Treatment - no cure; drug acyclovir prevents or reduces symptoms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-5

Long-Term Consequences Complications such as meningitis or narrowing of the urethra, increases risk of becoming infected with HIV, risk of transferring virus from mother to infant in childbirth Psychological aspects - help patients learn to cope with disease Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-6

HIV Infection and AIDS AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome HIV - human immune deficiency virus; the virus that causes AIDS Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-7

HIV Infection and AIDS An epidemic? Dec. 1997 more than 640,000 persons in the U.S. have been diagnosed with AIDS Transmission - exchange of body fluids, contaminated blood, contaminated needles, infected woman to baby during pregnancy or childbirth Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-8

The Virus HIV is one of a group of retroviruses The disease - 4 classes of HIV infection: Initial infection Asymptomatic carrier state Lymphadenopathy - symptoms develop AIDS Diagnosis - ELISA, Western blot or immunoblot method Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-9

Treatment No cure for AIDS AZT - antiviral drug DDI Protease inhibitors Pentamidine Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-10

Women, Children, Ethnic Minorities, and AIDS About 90% of the cases of AIDS in the U.S. have been men Number of infected women is rising rapidly 9.2 million women worldwide are infected with HIV Psychological considerations in AIDS - need for sensitivity Recent progress in AIDS research - work on vaccine, research on nonprogressors, Chemokines Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-11

Gonorrhea Also called clap or drip; caused by a bacterium Symptoms - puslike discharge and painful, burning urination in male but asymptomatic in female Diagnosis - sample of discharge is examined Treatment - antibiotic such as ceftriaxon Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-12

Syphilis Caused by a bacterium Symptoms - chancre Stages: Primary Secondary Latent Late Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-13

Diagnosis Physical exam, exam fluid from chancre Blood tests - VDRL; Venereal Disease Research Laboratory of the U.S. Public Health Service Treatment - penicillin Elimination of syphilis? Not eliminated as of yet Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-14

Viral Hepatitis A disease of the liver Symptom - enlarged liver that is somewhat tender 5 types of viral hepatitis: hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E Treatment - rest, vaccine for hepatitis B Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-15

Pubic Lice Also called crabs Tiny lice that attach to the base of pubic hairs and feed on blood from their human host Symptom - itching Treatment - lindane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-16

Preventing STDs Limit oneself to monogamous relationships Condoms can help Careful washing Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-17

Other Genital Infections Vaginitis - vaginal inflammation Monilia - yeast infection Trichomoniasis Nonspecific vaginitis Cystitis - infection of the urinary bladder in women Prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate gland Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-18