A Visual Tour of the Effect of per Capita Income -around the world in 30 minutes-

Bhutan Per capita income: $174 Population doubling time: 30 years Male life expectancy: 47 years Female life expectancy: 49 years Fertility rate: 5.9 children/woman Population density: 94/sq mile

Mali Per capita income: $251 Population doubling time: 20 years Male life expectancy: 47 years Female life expectancy: 50 years Fertility rate: 7.1 children/woman Population density: 22.6/ sq mile

Haiti Per capita income: $374 Population doubling time: 35 years Male life expectancy: 53 years Female life expectancy: 56 years Fertility rate: 4.8 children/woman Population density: 666/sq mile

China Per capita income: $364 Population doubling time: 49 years Male life expectancy: 67 years Female life expectancy: 71 years Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman Population density: 335/ sq mile

Guatemala Per capita income: $944 Population doubling time: 24 years Male life expectancy: 61 years Female life expectancy: 66 years Fertility rate: 5.4 children/woman Population density: 252/ sq mile

Uzbekistan Per capita income: $978 Population doubling time: 33.4 years Male life expectancy: 66 years Female life expectancy: 73 years Fertility rate: 4.4 children/woman Population density: 132/sq mile

Thailand Per capita income: $1697 Population doubling time: 55 years Male life expectancy: 66 years Female life expectancy: 72 years Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman Population density: 294/sq mile

Mongolia Per capita income: $1820 Population doubling time: 27 years Male life expectancy: 61 years Female life expectancy: 64 years Fertility rate: 4.6 children/woman Population density: 4/ sq mile

Cuba Per capita income: $2,000 Population doubling time: 78 years Male life expectancy: 74 years Female life expectancy: 79 Fertility rate: 1.9 children/woman Population density: 259/sq mile

Israel Per capita income: $12,293 Population doubling time: 15 years Male life expectancy: 74 years Female life expectancy: 78 years Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman Population density: 751/ sq mile

Japan Per capita income: $26,824 Population doubling time: 183 years Male life expectancy: 76 years Female life expectancy: 82 years Fertility rate: 1.7 children/woman Population density: 862/ sq mile

Kuwait Per capita income: $16,380 Population doubling time: -- years Male life expectancy: 72 years Female life expectancy: 76 years Fertility rate: 3.7 children/woman Population density: 174/ sq mile

United States Per capita income: $26,000 Population doubling time: 88 years Male life expectancy: 74 years Female life expectancy: 78 years Fertility rate: 2.1 children/woman Population density: 77/ sq mile

Relation of Values to Development What are the results of increasing GNP? Life Expectancy vs GNP Well Being vs GNP (actual) Well Being vs GNP (theoretical)

GNP vs Life Expectancy

GNP versus Well Being

Generalized GNP vs Well-being Curve

Environmental Problems in Survival Phase Disease Injury Starvation Environment is viewed as another external controlling force to be overcome; impacts result in a new environmental form that is neither better or worst

Environmental Problems in Pre-modern Phase Plagues, famines Wars Drinking water contamination Environment is viewed as nurturing and resistant to human impacts; however, big impacts can bring disaster to family

Environmental Problems in Modern Phase Accidents Water, wastewater and air pollution Industrial, toxic, and hazardous wastes Environment is viewed as a source of raw materials and as resistant to human impacts; big impacts can bring disaster to corporations and bureaucracies

Environmental Problems in Post-modern Phase Crowding Solid wastes Non-point chemicals Old age Resource depletion Large-scale accidents Global disruption of natural cycles Epidemics

Environmental Problems in Post-modern Phase For individualist, impacts to the environmental are often seen as incremental and inconsequential. Environment is often seen as another consumptive good. For egalitarian, any impact to the environment may be disastrous. Impacts are seen as additive. The environment is seen as a place to create the “good society.”

Important Environmental Values Value of non-human life? Preservation of richness and diversity of life forms? No, minimal, or tolerable human impacts? Sustainability? Conservation of areas with no human impact?

Important Environmental Values

Old Interaction of Environmental Engineering with Society Perceived Need Design It Build It Environmental engineering Deal with Impacts

New Interaction of Environmental Engineering with Society Hierarchical Needs Survival Needs Design, build, minimize impacts Environmental Engineering Egalitarian Needs Individual Needs