12 The Reformation Religious Change: Reformation WHAT YOU WILL LEARN At the end of this chapter you should understand ... The causes (or reasons) for the Reformation. The role of Martin Luther. The role of John Calvin. How the Reformation began and progressed in England and Ireland. The Counter-Reformation. The Results of the Reformation.

How do we know about the Reformation? Sermons, letters, hymns, books and the 95 Theses by Martin Luther The writings of John Calvin The records of the Catholic Church The Book of Common Prayer in England The churches and ruins of the time

What caused the Reformation? The printing press The Wealth of the Church What caused the Reformation? The power of kings and princes The Influence of the Renaissance Nepotism Abuses in the Catholic Church Pluralism Simony Absenteeism Bad organisation

The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther Augustinian Order Wittenberg University Worried about salvation Justification by faith Tetzel and the sale of indulgences 95 theses

The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther Support for Luther’s Views 95 Theses printed in German Germans objected to paying money to Rome Some of Luther’s 95 Theses These are three of his theses: 5. The Pope has no power to let people escape the punishments they must endure for their sins. 21. Indulgences do not save people from all punishment. 86. Why doesn’t the Pope, whose riches are enormous, build the Basilica of St Peter with his own money instead of taking it from poor believers? Did Luther nail the 95 Theses to the church door at Wittenberg?

The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther Cardinal Cajetan The Diet of Worms John Eck Rome responds Emperor Charles V Papal Bull Excommunication

The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther Is this propaganda?

The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther What happened at the Diet of Worms?

The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther WHY DID LUTHERANISM SPREAD? The influence of the printing press, which spread his ideas. Support of German princes, e.g. Frederick the Wise. Princes wanted the wealth of German monasteries and bishops. Charles V was busy with other parts of his huge empire. Germans did not want to pay extra money to Rome.

The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther Lutheranism today Germany divided along religious lines The Results of Luther’s Reformation Other reformers inspired Increased use of vernacular language Literacy and education spread

Calvin’s Reformation in Geneva The Bible Predestination Calvin’s Beliefs Sacraments

Calvin’s Reformation in Geneva Pastors Teachers Calvin’s Church in Geneva Deacons Strict rules Elders (presbyters) What are the features of this Calvinist church?

Calvin’s Reformation in Geneva French Huguenots Education System Missionaries John Knox Spread of Calvin’s Ideas Reformed Church Puritans

Why was there religious conflict?

The Reformation in England What problem did Henry have?

The Reformation in England Supreme Head Act of Supremacy Bible in English Oath of Supremacy Henry’s changes Catholic services Closure of the Monasteries Reasons Effects

The Reformation in England The English Reformation Spreads Edward VI Mary Elizabeth Protestantism Catholicism Protestantism Book of Common Prayer Church of England Results Monarch Head of Church Parliament more powerful Spanish Armada

The Reformation in England Summary of Religious Changes in England and Ireland HENRY VIII EDWARD VI MARY ELIZABETH Head of Church King as head of Church Pope as head of Church Queen as head of Church Church Services In Latin In English Teachings Mainly Catholic teachings Protestant teachings Catholic teachings Bible Priests Could not marry Could marry Monasteries Closed Why did the kings and queens of England fail to convert Ireland to Protestantism?

The Catholic Counter-Reformation WHAT WAS THE COUNTER-REFORMATION? The efforts that the Catholic Church made to reform itself and to stop the spread of Protestantism are called the Counter-Reformation. The most important elements of the Counter-Reformation were: THE COUNCIL OF TRENT THE FOUNDING OF NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS, ESPECIALLY THE JESUITS THE COURT OF INQUISITION

The Catholic Counter-Reformation Old abuses outlawed Faith and good works Priest could not marry Bible and teachings of the Church Beliefs Cathechism Rules 7 Sacraments Index of Prohibited Books Images in churches What was the Council of Trent?

The Catholic Counter-Reformation The Jesuits Origin of the Jesuits The Work of the Jesuits Public preaching Spiritual exercises Deeds of charity Ignatius of Loyola Spiritual exercises Schools and colleges Like an army Missionaries

The Catholic Counter-Reformation The Court of Inquisition What was the Inquisition?

Religious Differences Summary of Religious differences CATHOLIC LUTHERAN CALVINIST Finding out about God The Bible and the teachings of the Church The Bible Salvation (going to heaven) Faith and good works By faith alone Predestination Sacraments Seven sacraments Two sacraments – baptism and Eucharist Clergy Clergy were specially educated and cannot marry Any Christian can be a clergyman. Clergy can marry. Head of Church The Pope Princes and kings Lay rulers – the elders Church services Mass in Latin In the vernacular

Religious Differences Catholic NORWAY Lutheran Anglican SWEDEN SCOTLAND Calvinist Boundary of Holy Roman Empire Religious minority DENMARK THE NETHERLANDS IRELAND PRUSSIA ENGLAND GERMAN PRINCES AND CITIES POLAND FRANCE AUSTRIA HUNGARY SWITZERLAND TRANSYLVANIA PORTUGAL ITALY OTTOMAN EMPIRE SPAIN Rome

The Results of the Reformation Europe divided Wars of Religion Education The Results of the Reformation Intolerance and persecution Art and Architecture What are the differences between these churches?

FOCUS TASK 2 FOCUS TASK 3 Historical Investigation and Analysis ‘Why was the Reformation successful in England but not in Ireland’. Use your textbook and research on the internet to present your own reasons in answering this question. Jupiter Jupiter FOCUS TASK 3 Historical Debate ‘Martin Luther was right’. Use your textbook and research from the internet to present the case, for and against, this motion.