Outcome: Martin Luther and the Reformation

Constructive Response Question What drove Martin Luther to write the 95 Theses and what was the outcome of that action?

What Will We Learn About? Causes of the Reformation (Social, Political, Economic, Religious causes) Martin Luther The 95 Theses Response to Luther

The Reformation Setting the stage: By the tenth century, the Roman Catholic Church dominated religious life in Northern and Western Europe. Without a common government in Europe, the Catholic Pope became an important political leader. Many people began to criticize the Church’s practices People felt that Church leaders were too interested in worldly pursuits, such as gaining wealth and political power

The Reformation Reformation: A movement of religious reform.

2. Causes of The Reformation Social Renaissance values led people to question the Church The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church Political Monarchs (kings) challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

2. Causes of The Reformation Economic European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church Religious Some Church leaders had become worldly (secular) and corrupt Many people found Church practices such as indulgences as unacceptable

2. Causes of The Reformation Other examples: Pope Alexander VI admitted that he had fathered several children Many priests and monks were poorly educated and couldn’t teach people Other clergy married, drank, or gambled Simony – Priests were required to go through rigorous training in a monastery…but some church positions were sold to the highest bidder Lay investiture - feudal lords would use their influence to have friends or children named as priests

In the 1300s, Reformers like John Wycliffe & priest Jan Hus attacked corruptions like indulges, said that the Bible (not the Pope) was the ultimate authority on Christianity, & wanted church teachings in the vernacular (local language) not Latin

Title Catholic leaders responded to these criticisms by executing Wycliffe & Hus Text

The Protestant Reformation By the early 1500s, the Catholic Church was in turmoil over the controversy of corruption & its unwillingness to adopt reforms In Germany, a Catholic monk named Martin Luther became involved in a serious dispute with the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

Martin Luther and the Reformation Luther Challenges the Church Martin Luther Parents wanted him to be a lawyer, became a monk and teacher instead Taught scripture at University of Wittenberg in German state of Saxony His 95 Theses began the Reformation Martin Luther believed it was ok for clergy to marry and he did so

Martin Luther and the Reformation The 95 Theses Luther took a stand against Johann Tetzel who was selling indulgences to pay for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome Indulgences: A pardon which released a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins. Indulgences were not supposed to affect God’s right to judge Tetzel gave people impression that they were buying their way into heaven On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg The 95 Theses were formal statements attacking “pardon- merchants” Martin Luther’s actions began the Reformation

Martin Luther and the Reformation Luther’s Teachings Good works not needed for salvation, a person could win salvation based on faith Church teachings should be based on Bible not pope or Church traditions which could be corrupt or false Priests not needed to interpret the Bible because all people with faith were equals

Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c)

Martin Luther and the Reformation Response to Luther Pope Leo X threatened Luther with excommunication if he didn’t take back his statements Instead of taking statements back, Luther burned the pope’s decree Leo then excommunicated Luther Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Catholic) summoned Luther to Worms in 1521 to recant (take back) his statements. (Diet of Worms) Charles issues Edict of Worms ---> declared Luther an outlaw and heretic and no one was to give him food or shelter. Frederick the Wise of Saxony sheltered Luther ---> While there Luther translated the New Testament into German In 1522 Luther returned to Wittenberg and his followers became known as Lutherans The princes in Germany that supported Luther banded together to protest against those who were against Luther’s ideas, became known as Protestants

Martin Luther’s stand against the Catholic Church led to the formation of a new Christian denomination known as Lutheranism Lutheranism was the first of a series of “Protestant” Christian faiths that broke from the Catholic Church

Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland Theocracy A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired. A system of government where priests rule in the name of God. John Calvin in Switzerland Predestination God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation. John Knox in Scotland Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

In England, the Reformation began with the King! King Henry VIII The king who had six wives… He wants a SON! King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary. Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever. Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen. Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so. Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent. Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy.  Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

Henry VIII, King of England, was at first a loyal Catholic but broke with the church for two reasons: 1) The pope refused to grant him a divorce from his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon. 2) He desired for the crown the extensive Church properties in England. Henry induced Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy (1534), which instituted the Anglican Church of England, independent of Rome and under the leadership of the English ruler.

Henry VIII needed a son to carry on the Tudor line. First wife was Catherine of Aragon. They had a daughter, Mary, and got divorced. 2. Anne Boleyn – daughter, Elizabeth, was beheaded. 3. Jane Seymour – SON Edward. Died in childbirth. 4. Anne of Cleaves – German Princess. Divorced. 5. Katherine Howard – English, 15, committed adultery and was beheaded. 6. Catherine Parr – English. Survived Henry VIII.

Henry’s Children: Edward VI: Becomes King at 10 years old. Ruled for a short time before dying (sick) Strengthened break with Catholic Church Gave Church lands to Nobles to gain support Mary: Came to throne Tried to force England back to Catholicism Killed over 300 Protestants at once (Bloody Mary) Married Spanish King; became sick and died Elizabeth became queen (never married) Went back to Protestantism Church of England was reestablished Most beloved ruler in English history to most

Constructive Response Question What drove Martin Luther to write the 95 Theses and what was the outcome of that action?