Have you ever considered how our future might look like if we had access to infinite, cheap, and ecological energy sources?

HOW WE CAN CHANGE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER In order to change thermal energy to more useable form, we can produce steam and furthermore through turbines we can produce electric power.

ITER – A BIG STEP TO THE FUTURE International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER – A BIG STEP TO THE FUTURE

TOKAMAKS AND STELLARATORS

What is it ? Literally, this is the most powerful concept of the oven in the world. Such machines have to create appropriate conditions to carry out the nuclear fusions. Via this reaction we could produce electricity thanks to absorbsion of dissipated thermal energy, through the stem and turbines.

Nuclear fusion ? It is the most energetic reaction in the world !!! The mechanism of obtaining energy is the same as the reactions inside the stars’ cores. The whole reaction refers to joining of 2 small particles into one big, unlike in traditional nuclear power stations. Deuterium and tritium, which are common in the ocean water, serve as fuel.

The required conditions (dependent on temperature ) To carry out such a powerful reaction, some specific conditions of temperature and pressure have to be completed. 100,000000 ˚C Extraordinary Ressure (dependent on temperature )

A BREIF HISTORY OF TOCKAMACKS Nuclear fusion researches have been developed since World War II. The first Tokamak programme was launched in 1956 in Moscow by Lev Artsimovich. In 1968 the first nuclear fusion was conducted in Novosibirsk.

How does it really work ? In general , the whole concept is based on the fact that plasma could react with magnetic field. In order to fulfill the required conditions, the entire fusion has to be done wirelessly, because the temperature is too high to use any material. For example, the melting point of iron is only 1538 °C . To reach it, we use magnetic field to suspend the whole fusion in space. To achieve it, we should know how the Tokamaks look like.

Toroidal design The entire plasma rotates inside the toroid with correspondingly large velocity. In order to keep the fusion process, the whole plasma has to be limited to the fusion chamber in the central region. If not, plasma will cool rapidly. To achieve it , we have to use many coils.

PROBLEMS The nonlinear evolution of magnetohydrodynamical instabilities leads to the refrigeration of the plasma current within milliseconds. Very energetic electrons (are created runaway electrons) and finally a global loss of confinement happens.

STELLARATOR

Idea As in tokamaks, stellarators should provide appropriate conditions for fusion. As we have shown before, tokamaks have got some limits, linked with magnetic field and flow. The concept of stellarator is an answer to these difficulties.

Construction To provide proper conditions, we have to modify magnetic field and plasma flow inside stellarator. To achieve it, let’s change the torus to race-track shape, and twist one end by 180 degrees to produce an 8-shaped figure, like below.

COILS To design such an irregular shape of magnetic field, normal coils cannot be used. Instead of normal coils, we can use coils with arbitrary shapes, like these ones. Many of these coils ( each one is unique ), can modify magnetic filed in an appropriate way.

Despite the fact that, magnetic field inside stellarator is very complicated, we can distinguish some discrete symmetry, like magnetic axel, presented on the picture. Thanks to higher intension of magnetic field near the wall of chamber, the compression of plasma could occur all the time.

Wendelstein 7-X

DEMO DEMOnstration Power Station, will be built upon the ITER. DEMO project is thought to be the connector between experimental ITER and commercial stations. DEMO could produce 25 times as much power as is required to initiation process and on the output it should give 2-4 gigawatts of thermal energy.