Area Wide Management August 2017 Penny Measham penny.measham@horticulture.com.au

Long term solution

Long term goals Suppress fly populations Eradicate flies in some regions Maintain pest free areas of production

Should we be concerned? On-farm risks Off-farm risks Yield loss Supply chain confidence Control costs Biosecurity/trade Off-farm risks Production loss Lifestyle/amenity Regional development Source: 2014/15 Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook

Barriers It’s too cold – it won’t survive here Qfly is not a temperate region pest Low host status (a host is a host….)

Area Wide Management Commercial producers and backyard gardeners; Clean (and marketable) fruit

IPM - Bloem 2017

AWM - Bloem 2017

Area wide management DEFINITION - systematic pest control uniformly applied to the total population of a key pest in a clearly defined geographical area to predetermined levels using biologically based criteria (Bloem 2017) DEFINITION – management of a pest across a well defined area, using a suite of available tools, targeting all pest habitats and requiring coordination and cooperation On-farm and off-farm

Key characteristics Monitoring Knowledge of pest Defined area Total population (hosts and habitats) Multiple stakeholders Proactive Reducing Re-entry Can these be applied to management of an area?

Key characteristics Monitoring – early detection Know your pest – ID? Protected defined area Hosts and habitats – where could it be? Multiple stakeholders – who? Proactive – before there’s a problem Reducing Re-entry, or preventing entry Be prepared – eradicate?

Management Options On-farm and off-farm; Monitoring - traps Bait sprays MAT Hygiene SIT* Costs………

Monitoring Requirement Monitoring population trends over time Evidence of absence Monitoring population trends over time Monitoring and Evaluation of management Generally male traps pheromone based Qfly; CueLure (attractant) Trap placement Source: Prevent Fruit Fly, BugsforBugs and BioTrap

MAT – male annihilation technique Attract (CueLure) and Kill Male flies Higher density Replacement Best over large areas With female treatment (Trapping Network Integrity) Source: BugsforBugs and Daley’s Fruit

Bait sprays Protein (and insecticide) Start early Regular application Protein required for development Start early Before fruit is susceptible Regular application rainfall Apply canopy/trunk Where flies will be Source: BugsforBugs

Hygiene Remove all fruit post harvest Fallen fruit* Confidence? Vargus 2015

Eradication programs - worldwide Suckling 2017

Identifying fruit damage Regulatory environment Challenges Emerging pest Limited knowledge of Qfly Uncertainty Chemical use, market access negotiations Identifying fruit damage Once signs of infestation are found it is often too late Variability Regions, climates, orchards and growers Current practices Marginal cost of Qfly on-farm management Regulatory environment OH&S

Population modelling Ecology and behaviour of Qfly Host data (reproduction, mortality, movement), Host data (seasonality, quality, distribution) The model combines: existing knowledge about Qfly phenology assumptions about Qfly-movement strategies seasonality of host plants data on the distribution of host plants in the region artificial landscapes generated from real data complex landscapes

Feasibility frequency log10 (population density per patch [1/m²]) effective log10 (population density per patch [1/m²]) Impact of urban environments – long period of suitable hosts and habitat (risk from within an area, not just outside/borders) Heterogeneity in landscapes  heterogeneity in management outcomes 1st: Citrus and Grapes. pretty isolated 2nd Grapes in an urban setting both treated with 60% on-farm BMP (on-farm means lime+orange+violett areas) 1st is effective: significant reductions in the mean and very few „hotspots“ left (patches with more than 10 flies/ha or 10^-2 per m²) huge number of patches without any flies already had a low population to start with can achieve area-freedom if the adoption rate of BMP is increased to 90% 2nd is not as effective: although there are significant reductions in the mean, there are still a lot of hotspots (probably urban areas) frequency not effective log10 (population density per patch [1/m²])

Prevention Community engagement AWM Fairness Complexity Relative advantage of AWM Observability of AWM outcomes Compatibility Urban environment (and people) need to be involved – how? To undertake activities against key criteria – opportunity now, support, committee – council preferred means of communication for community members, industry bodies for growers (closely followed by a committee with fair representation of all stakeholders. Fairness also applies to information – growers and community alike want to be kept informed.

Benefits and challenges Benefits of AWM Prevents major outbreaks Underpins market access Reduces chemical use Allows pooling of resources Long-term solution for a region Allows use of new technology (SIT) Challenges of AWM High level of cooperation required Managing relationships Management intensive Area bound Community engagement

Take home messages Know your pest Know your land Know your neighbours Work together*

The ‘Adaptive Area wide management of Qfly using SIT’ project is being delivered by Hort Innovation – with support from the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources as part of its Rural R&D for Profit program, and CSIRO

SIT Research in Australia Male-only fly releases Optimised production practices fly logistics Incorporation into AWM Quality control Trapping Understanding best release opportunities

Dr. Polychronis Rempoulakis The Sterile Insect Technique as part of an Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management system to control Q-fly Dr. Polychronis Rempoulakis Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia polychronis.rempoulakis@mq.edu.au Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia

SIT principles-history The Q-fly case Overview SIT principles-history The Q-fly case Advances towards SIT applicastion Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia

Control methodologies for insect pests and vectors Physico-chemical ( colour traps, cover and baited sprayings, baited traps, pheromones, parapheromones ) Biological (predators, parasitoids, sterile males)

Sterile Insect Technique Gamma Radiation Sterile Wild Wild No Offspring (BIRTH CONTROL) Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia

Life cycle (Natural)

Egg collection Incubation Seeding in larval diet Pupae Adult cage Pupa collection Irradiation Emergence-maturation Release

Hermann J. Muller (1890-1967) 1926 X-ray mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster Reymond C.Bushland (1910-1995) Edward F. Knipling (1909-2000) 1950’s Screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) eradication

Screwworm fly SIT application 34

Olive fly Ant et al. 2012 Medfly Leftwich et al. 2014

Strategic Options of Insect Pest Control (AW-IPM) Suppression: Reducing insecticide use and crop losses, and facilitation of sustainable agriculture Containment: Avoiding the spread of an insect pests Eradication: Developing areas free of major disease vectors or facilitation of international trade Prevention: Avoiding establishment of invasive exotic pests

Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly or Q-fly •Australia’s worst horticultural insect pest •More than 245 host plants from 45 families •Serious economical damages to agriculture ($ 28.5 M/year) •Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) can be an effective control strategy

2017 Dominiak and Mapson 2017

EMAI facility 1996

What we do now to improve SIT in a AW-IPM context? Behaviour (mating ,foraging) Dispersal-orientation Irradiation optimization(X-rays) Artificial diets New sexing strains QC protocols Transportation Marking-identification Releases- recaptures Predators SIT simulations in enclosed orchards

Fluorescent dyes Light UV Department of Biological Sciences

Fluorescent dyes Light UV Department of Biological Sciences

Vienna 8-1260 Vienna 8-Sergeant Vienna 8-SG Vienna 8 DSR 3 abdominal bands 2 abdominal bands Nyiazi et al. 2005. Scolari et al. 2008. Rempoulakis et al. 2012. Rempoulakis et al. 2016. Vienna 8-1260 DSR

Stable Isotopes

(Integrated Pest Management, IPM) Multidimensional approach against fruit flies Natural tolerance of crops Insecticides SIT Cultivation practices Behavior modifiers Biological control Insectivores Pathogens Attractants Repellants

The Partners Insert text or DELETE Niche products Developing world class, niche produce Establishing high value, target markets – domestic and export Organics – fast growing niche category High quality, high value add small producers Australia as an innovation hub that the world looks to. Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia

Email: polychronis.rempoulakis@mq.edu.au Thank you! Email: polychronis.rempoulakis@mq.edu.au Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia