Today’s schedule Cartographic Communication Paradigm Overview of Ben’s Fry’s Data Visualization Pipeline

History of Research in Cartography Cartographic Communication Paradigm

http://metrocosm.com/global-immigration-map/

Lecture Objectives Provide background to cartographic research from 50s to present day Fully develop theory of cartography as a communications science (Robinson and Petchenik reading) Discuss problems with the paradigm (MacEachren reading)

1. Trends in Cartographic Teaching and Research from Hermansen, Cartographia, Thematic Mapping Empirical Cognitive Research: Cartographic ‘Rules’ Communication Vision, Cognition, Perception Eye Movement Studies Map Use and Map Design Volume teaching research Peak Community Mapping Web mapping Geo Visualization Human/machine interaction VGI Rise Decline Comeback Government: WWII topo maps, reference maps National mapping agencies Mostly reference, some thematic Empirical research: Least practical differences flannery proportional symbols Cuff colour ramps, Petchenik type sizes Jenks classification Castner and Eastman dot density = rules Stimulus / response psychological testing 1965 Imhof Maps should contain nothing that a normally gifted user cannot easily see. Laws of vision and experience of map readers are to be followed and observed Cartographer must understand his role in the larger system of communication of which he is but a part GIS data input analysis Social theory Government production 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s 10s year

2. Map as a Communication System 1975, A Robinson and BB Petchenik Evaluating map production and map reading as a communication process Refining models of cartographic communication Outlining problems with measuring information content on maps and information retrieved by percipient

2. Map as a Communication System Define: map user/viewer/reader versus map receiver: one who by viewing a map augments his/her understanding of the geographic milieu that is his previous conception of the real world. = map percipient – have the power to perceive

2. Cartographic Communication System real world 360.here.com map user GIS analyst/ cartographer’s conception of the real world map map DECODING 472 ENCODING 270/372 visual noise

Source: speaker, channel = air sound waves, listener is recipient

Encoder = voice mechanism decoder = hearing mechanism noise = static, studder Signal = sound waves Encoder – thoughts to sound waves, decoder – sound waves to thoughts

Source = RW = cartographer Encoding = symbolization Signal = graphic patter Destination = percipient What the percipient see and interprets is not equal to what the cartographer sees and interprets RW - map - coded message (filters generalization process) patterns - eyes and brain - perceptual abilities of map reader to understand symbols = message to reader

Transform data from RW to Map (T1 and T2) – retrieved through interpretative map reading process. (T3) Cartographers task, devise better and better approximations to a transformation, T2 so T2=T3.

M2 and U: added to cognition M Map A Cartographer B Map User Subject Matter Correct Erroneous

https://censusmapper.ca/maps/693#12/49.2512/-123.1255

3. Discuss problems with the paradigm Cartography Communication Science (MacEachren reading 1995) Viewing cartography as a communication science omits many ways people use maps Scientific empirical research for improving maps ignores contributions of art Philosophical perspective/social theory: does not accept maps as objective representations of reality therefore rejects that any objective research is possible

Cartography as ART and SCIENCE Deconstruction