The Earth’s Atmosphere Chapter 1

The Earth and its Atmosphere This chapter discusses: Gases in Earth's atmosphere Vertical structure of atmospheric pressure & temperature Types of weather & climate in the atmosphere

Solar Energy as Radiation At it’s Surface, the earth maintains an average temp of 59F With a wide range of temperature readings -121F during the Antarctica night 122F in deserts Figure 1.1 Nearly 150 million kilometers separate the sun and earth, yet solar radiation drives earth's weather.

Earth's Atmosphere Thin Gaseous envelope Figure 1.2 99% of atmospheric gases, including water vapor, extend only 30 kilometer (km) above earth's surface. Most of our weather, however, occurs within the first 10 to 15 km.

Composition of Atmosphere Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% Water Vapor – 0 to 4% Carbon Dioxide - .037% Other gases make up the rest

Atmospheric Gases Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and most other gases are invisible. Clouds are not gas, but condensed vapor in the form of liquid droplets. Ground based smog, which is visible, contains reactants of nitrogen and ozone. Write “Condensation” on the board: The changing of water vapor to liquid water Write “evaporation” on the board : The process of liquid water becoming a gas Water Vapor is extremely important in our atmosphere. Not only does it form it precip, Also releases large amounts of heat – called latent heat when it changes from vapro to liquid water or ice. Latent hear is an important source of atmospheric energy especially for thunderstorms and hurricanes. Also is one of our greenhouse gases – absorbs a portion of the earth’s outgoing radiant energy thus playing big role in the earth’s energy balance Ozone – is the primary ingredient of smog!

Variable & Increasing Gases Figure 1.3 This contributes to global warming. Discuss global warming…. CO2 like water vapor traps a portion of the earth’s outgoing energy. So, all things equal….more CO2 leads to more heating of earth surface air Possible warming of earth surface air between 1C and 3.5C by the year 2100. Ozone (O3) is the primary ingredient of photochemical fog….forms in large cities, Irritates the eyes and throat…damages vegitation. Nitrogen and oxygen concentrations experience little change, but carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, and chlorofluorocarbons are greenhouse gases experiencing discernable increases in concentration. CO2 has risen more than 18% since 1958. Fossil fuels are the biggest problem!

Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect The warming of the atmosphere by its absorbing and emitting infrared radiation while allowing shortwave radiation to pass through. The gases mainly responsible for the earth’s atmospheric greenhouse effect are water vapor and carbon dioxide.

Aerosols & Pollutants Human and natural activities displace tiny soil, salt, and ash particles as suspended aerosols, as well as sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons as pollutants. Aerosols are beneficial…act as surfaces on which water vapor condenses to form clouds…hygroscopic nuclei Pollutants are nuisances and health hazards….acid rain results from pollutants and can kill our pines, turn our lakes acidic and can even corrode metal surfaces. Figure 1.6

Pressure & Density Gravity pulls gases toward earth's surface, and the whole column of gases weighs 14.7 psi at sea level, a pressure of 1013.25 mb or 29.92 in.Hg. The amount of force exerted Over an area of surface is called Air pressure! Discuss Air density Air density – number of air molecules in a given space Air density greatest at surface and decreases with altitude Air pressure – the amount of force exerted ove an area of suface (atmospheric pressure) As altitude increases, there are fewer molecules above us and thus Atmospheric pressure always decreases with height!!! Air Density is The number of air Molecules in a given Space (volume)

Vertical Pressure Profile Atmospheric pressure decreases rapidly with height. Climbing to an altitude of only 5.5 km where the pressure is 500 mb, would put you above one-half of the atmosphere’s molecules. This igure shows how rapidly air pressure decreases with height. Near sea level, atmospsheric presssure decreases rapidly, whereas at high levels it decreases more slowly. At about 3.5 mi up air pressure is approx. 500 mb or about ½ of sea level pressure This means that if you were at about 18,000 feet above the surface you would be above one half of all the molecules in the atmosphere. The top of Mt Everest (29,000 ft) has a pressure of about 300 mb. The summit of the mountain is above about 70% of all the molecules in the atmosphere. If you go up to about 50 km (about 164,000 ft) the air pressure is about 1 mb which means that 99.9 % of all molecules are below this level.

Lapse Rate The rate at which air temperature decreases with height. The standard (average) lapse rate in the lower atmosphere is about 6.5°C per 1 km or 3.6°F per 1000 ft.

Temperature Inversion An increase in air temperature with height often called simply an inversion. Radiosonde – an instrument that measures the vertical profile of air temperature in the atmosphere (sometimes exceeding 100,000 ft)

Atmospheric Layers 8 layers are defined by constant trends in average air temperature (which changes with pressure and radiation), where the outer exosphere is not shown. Troposphere Tropopause Stratosphere Stratopause Mesosphere Mesopause Thermosphere Exosphere So far, we have seen that both air pressure and air density decrease with height above the earth Air temperature has a more complicated vertical profile. Look at this diagram, notice that air temp normally decreases from the surface up to about 11 km (36,000 ft) or 7 mi. This decrease in air temp with increasing height is due mainly to the fact that the sunlight warms the earth’s surface and the surface then warms the air above it. The rate at which air temp decreases with height is called Lapse Rate. The standard lapse rate is about 3.6F per 1000 ft of rise. Note this is only an average and is not always the case. There are times when air temperature actually increases with height. This condition is known as a temperature inversion. We use radiosondes to measure the day to day changes in the lapse rate.

Atmospheric Layers Tropopause separates Troposphere from Stratosphere. Generally higher in summer Lower in winter. So far, we have seen that both air pressure and air density decrease with height above the earth Air temperature has a more complicated vertical profile. Look at this diagram, notice that air temp normally decreases from the surface up to about 11 km (36,000 ft) or 7 mi. This decrease in air temp with increasing height is due mainly to the fact that the sunlight warms the earth’s surface and the surface then warms the air above it. The rate at which air temp decreases with height is called Lapse Rate. The standard lapse rate is about 3.6F per 1000 ft of rise. Note this is only an average and is not always the case. There are times when air temperature actually increases with height. This condition is known as a temperature inversion. We use radiosondes to measure the day to day changes in the lapse rate. Troposphere – Temp decrease w/ height Most of our weather occurs in this layer Varies in height around the globe, but Averages about 11 km in height. Figure 1.7

The troposphere is the lowest major atmospheric layer, and is located from the Earth's surface up to the bottom of the stratosphere. It has decreasing temperature with height (at an average rate of 3.5° F per thousand feet (6.5 ° C per kilometer); whereas the stratosphere has either constant or slowly increasing temperature with height. The troposphere is where all of Earth's weather occurs. The boundary that divides the troposphere from the stratosphere is called the "tropopause", located at an altitude of around 5 miles in the winter, to around 8 miles high in the summer, and as high as 11 or 12 miles in the deep tropics. When you see the top of a thunderstorm flatten out into an anvil cloud, like in the illustration above, it is usually because the updrafts in the storm are "bumping up against" the bottom of the stratosphere

Atmospheric Layers Stratosphere Temperature inversion in stratosphere Ozone plays a major part in heating the air At this altitude So far, we have seen that both air pressure and air density decrease with height above the earth Air temperature has a more complicated vertical profile. Look at this diagram, notice that air temp normally decreases from the surface up to about 11 km (36,000 ft) or 7 mi. This decrease in air temp with increasing height is due mainly to the fact that the sunlight warms the earth’s surface and the surface then warms the air above it. The rate at which air temp decreases with height is called Lapse Rate. The standard lapse rate is about 3.6F per 1000 ft of rise. Note this is only an average and is not always the case. There are times when air temperature actually increases with height. This condition is known as a temperature inversion. We use radiosondes to measure the day to day changes in the lapse rate. Figure 1.7

Atmospheric Layers Mesosphere Middle atmosphere – Air thin, pressure low, Need oxygen to live in this region. Air quite Cold -90°C (-130°F) near the top of mesosphere So far, we have seen that both air pressure and air density decrease with height above the earth Air temperature has a more complicated vertical profile. Look at this diagram, notice that air temp normally decreases from the surface up to about 11 km (36,000 ft) or 7 mi. This decrease in air temp with increasing height is due mainly to the fact that the sunlight warms the earth’s surface and the surface then warms the air above it. The rate at which air temp decreases with height is called Lapse Rate. The standard lapse rate is about 3.6F per 1000 ft of rise. Note this is only an average and is not always the case. There are times when air temperature actually increases with height. This condition is known as a temperature inversion. We use radiosondes to measure the day to day changes in the lapse rate. Figure 1.7

Atmospheric Layers Thermosphere “Hot layer” – oxygen molecules absorb energy from solar Rays warming the air. Very few atoms and molecules in this Region. So far, we have seen that both air pressure and air density decrease with height above the earth Air temperature has a more complicated vertical profile. Look at this diagram, notice that air temp normally decreases from the surface up to about 11 km (36,000 ft) or 7 mi. This decrease in air temp with increasing height is due mainly to the fact that the sunlight warms the earth’s surface and the surface then warms the air above it. The rate at which air temp decreases with height is called Lapse Rate. The standard lapse rate is about 3.6F per 1000 ft of rise. Note this is only an average and is not always the case. There are times when air temperature actually increases with height. This condition is known as a temperature inversion. We use radiosondes to measure the day to day changes in the lapse rate. Figure 1.7

The Stratosphere and Ozone Layer The Mesosphere and Ionosphere Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, where air flow is mostly horizontal. The thin ozone layer in the upper stratosphere has a high concentration of ozone, a particularly reactive form of oxygen. This layer is primarily responsible for absorbing the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The formation of this layer is a delicate matter, since only when oxygen is produced in the atmosphere can an ozone layer form and prevent an intense flux of ultraviolet radiation from reaching the surface, where it is quite hazardous to the evolution of life. There is considerable recent concern that manmade flourocarbon compounds may be depleting the ozone layer, with dire future consequences for life on the Earth. The Mesosphere and Ionosphere Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere and above that is the ionosphere (or thermosphere), where many atoms are ionized (have gained or lost electrons so they have a net electrical charge). The ionosphere is very thin, but it is where aurora take place, and is also responsible for absorbing the most energetic photons from the Sun, and for reflecting radio waves, thereby making long-distance radio communication possible.

Atmospheric Mixture & Charge Additional layers include: a) the homosphere with 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen b) the poorly mixed heterosphere c) the electrically charged ionosphere

Radio Wave Propagation Figure 1.9 (Ionosphere Radio Prop) AM radio waves are long enough to interfere with ions in the sun-charged D layer, but at night the D layer is weak and the AM signal propagates further, requiring stations to use less power.

Weather & Climate Weather is comprised of the elements of: a) air temperature b) air pressure c) humidity d) clouds e) precipitation f) visibility g) wind Climate represents long-term (e.g. 30 yr) averages of weather.

Satellite Instruments Meteorologists may study larger weather patterns with space borne instruments, while ground-based tools often measure a single point. (GOES SAT) Meridians Longitude Latitude Middle Latitudes – 30-50N Middle-latitude cyclonic storm Hurricane Thunderstorm Tornado – most violent disturbance in atms Figure 1.10

Surface Weather Map Meteorologists generate diagrams of observed weather from ground-based instruments. This surface map overlaps in time with the previous satellite image. Figure 1.11 Low High Fronts Wind Direction

History of Meteorology Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and its phenomena Aristotle wrote a book on natural philosophy (340 BC) entitled “Meteorologica” Sum knowledge of weather/climate at time Meteors were all things that fell from the sky or were seen in the air “meteoros” : Greek word meaning “high in air”

History of Meteorology Invention of weather instruments 1500’s Galileo invented water thermometer 1643 Torricelli invented mercury barometer 1667 Hooke invented anemometer 1719 Fahrenheit developed temp scale based on boiling/freezing water 1735 Hadley explained how the earth’s rotation influences winds in tropics 1742 Celsius developed the centigrade temp scale

History of Meteorology 1787 Charles discovered relationship between temp and a volume of air 1835 Coriolis used math to demonstrate the effect that the earth’s rotation has on atmos. Motions 1869 first isobars were placed on map 1920 concepts of air masses and weather fronts were formulated in Norway 1940’s upper air ballons/3-D view of atmos 1950’s high speed computers 1960 Tiros 1 first weather satellite

Impacts of Weather 1/5 Figure 1.12

Impacts of Weather 2/5 Figure 1.13

Impacts of Weather 3/5 Figure 1.14

Impacts of Weather 4/5 Figure 1.15 146 people die each year In US from flash floods

Impacts of Weather 5/5 Figure 1.16 Lightning strikes earth 100 times every second Figure 1.16

Summary Overview of earth atmospheric gasses Various layers to atmosphere Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere Weather map and satellite photo Weather elements Defined Meteorology and climate History of meteorology