Chapter Four: The organization of life

Section One: Ecosystems: Everything is Connected Ecosystem: all the living organisms living in an area together with their physical environment Have no clear boundaries Things move from one ecosystem to another

Section One: Ecosystems: Everything is Connected Components of an Ecosystem Biotic factors: the living and once living parts of an ecosystem Abiotic factors: nonliving parts of an ecosystem

Section One: Ecosystems: Everything is Connected Organism: an individual living thing Species: a group of organisms that can mate to produce fertile offspring Humans are members of the Homo sapiens species

Section One: Ecosystems: Everything is Connected Population: all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time. Members of a population only breed with members of their same population

Section One: Ecosystems: Everything is Connected Communities: a group of various species that live in the same place and interact with each other Made of only biotic components

Section One: Ecosystems: Everything is Connected

Section One: Ecosystems: Everything is Connected Habitat: the place where an organism lives Has specific biotic and abiotic factors organisms need to survive

Section Two: Evolution Charles Darwin proposed natural selection Said some traits were hereditary Natural selection: survival and reproduction of the organism with particular traits Evolution: a change in the genetic characteristics of a population from one generation to the next

Section Two: Evolution Evolution and Natural Selection Nature selects for certain traits Survival of the fittest

Section Two: Evolution Evolution and Natural Selection Adaptation: an inherited trait that increases the organisms chance of survival and reproduction in a certain environment

Section Two: Evolution Evolution and Natural Selection Coevolution: the process of two species evolving in response to long-term interactions with each other

Section Two: Evolution Evolution by Artificial Selection Artificial selection: selective breeding of organisms by humans for specific characteristics

Section Two: Evolution Evolution of Resistance Resistance: the ability of one or more organisms to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it Pesticide resistance

Section Three: The Diversity of Living Things Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Both lack a nucleus Some can cause diseases Archaebacteria: found in extreme places such as hot springs Eubacteria: common bacteria found in soil and animal bodies Examples: E. coli

Section Three: The Diversity of Living Things Fungi Fungus: an organism whose cells have a nucleus and cell walls Some can cause diseases Break down bodies and body parts of dead organisms Some are used to add flavor to food

Section Three: The Diversity of Living Things Protists Protists: a diverse group of one-celled organisms and their many celled relatives Some are animal-like and some are plant- like Algae are the most important protists

Section Three: The Diversity of Living Things Plants Lower Plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Section Three: The Diversity of Living Things Lower Plants Ferns and mosses First land plants

Section Three: The Diversity of Living Things Gymnosperms Woody plants that produce seeds not enclosed in fruit Pines

Section Three: The Diversity of Living Things Angiosperms flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit Some have small flowers that produce pollen

Section Three: The Diversity of Living Things Animals Invertebrates: animals that lack backbones Examples: Insects, squids, coral

Section Three: The Diversity of Living Things Animals Vertebrates: animals that have backbones Examples: reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds