Vocabulary: Renaissance Italian Renaissance- a period of European history that began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. Secular- wordly; viewpoint emerged as increasing wealth created new enjoyment of material things. Mercenaries- soldiers who sold their services to the highest bidder. Humanism- an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history. Vernacular- the language of everyday speech in a particular region.

The Renaissance

What was the Renaissance? Renaissance = Rebirth 1350-1550 in European history was a rebirth in art and learning Revisited many of the subjects the Greeks and Romans studied

Why Italy? Center of the Roman Empire Wealthy cities in the 1300s they could afford to pay painters, sculptors, architects Italy was divided into independently run city- states which competed with each other This competition brought out the Renaissance

What were the Famous City-States of Italy? Florence- most famous, produced many artists. The Medici family was Florence’s richest. Venice- wealthiest. Sailors and shipbuilders. Used canals instead of roads. Genoa Milan Rome

The Rise of Italian City-States No ruler could unite Italy wars over territory They became wealthy through trade because of Italy’s location Were linked to the “east” during the Middle Ages (Marco Polo) Each was ruled by one powerful man Niccolo Machiavelli – wrote how a ruler should maintain power – The Prince 1513

Machiavelli believed rulers should do whatever it takes to maintain power “It is better to be feared than loved”

Renaissance Humanism Humanism – way of understanding the world that believed that the individual and human society were important Francesco Petrarch- studied Roman writers Dante Alighieri – poet, wrote the “The Divine Comedy” Chaucer – wrote “The Canterbury Tales” Johannes Gutenberg- develop the printing press

Renaissance Men Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Buonarroti Raphael Sanzio -Scientist & Artist -Dissected corpses -Famous notebooks -The Last Supper -Mona Lisa -Painted, sculpted and designed buildings -Sistine Chapel ceiling -The David -Moses -Painter -Frescoes -The School of Athens

Da Vinci

The Last Supper

Michelangelo

Raphael

William Shakespeare Renaissance spreads north to England Writer of tragedies, comedies, and historical plays Introduced over 1,000 words to the English language Hamlet, Macbeth, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Romeo & Juliet among others!

Impact of the Renaissance on the Church Individualism and humanist ideas from the Renaissance challenged citizens to seek answers for themselves rather than from religious institutions (Church).

Johannes Gutenberg Worksheet

Mankind: Venetian Trade and the Renaissance What European city became a key financial center? Why must Pietro Venier catch the Enrico, the thief? Describe the meaning of this statement: “They were buying collections for themselves, but they were meant for eternity.”

Starter: Write Questions and Answers Which of the following was created during the Renaissance? The philosophy of Socrates The epic poetry of Virgil The art of Leonardo da Vinci The history of Herodotus The poems and plays of which person are representative of the English Renaissance? Johann Gutenberg William Shakespeare Dante Alighieri Miguel de Cervantes How did the new ideas and scientific advances of the Renaissance challenge the Catholic Church? New Renaissance universities, which emphasized scientific research, gave most citizens educational opportunities that challenged the religious institutions. Individualism and humanist ideas from the Renaissance challenged citizens to seek answers for themselves rather than from religious institutions. New merchant guilds formed by the middle class owed allegiance to the leaders of the Renaissance rather than the Catholic Church. Feudal noble landowners accepted the scientific advances of the Renaissance that were supported by the Catholic Church.

Vocabulary: Protestant Reformation Salvation- the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven). Indulgence- release of all or part of the punishment of sin. Lutheranism- the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; belief that salvation could be achieved by faith alone, not good works. Predestination- the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will be damned. Annul- declare invalid

The Protestant Reformation

Calls for Church Reform Reformation – many wanted to “reform” the Catholic church Many believed the church taxed people too heavily and spent lavishly Indulgences – sold by the church to reduce a punishment for sin

Martin Luther 1517 – challenged the Catholic Church and led a movement known as Protestantism (to Protest) Believed that only faith = salvation Ninety Five Theses – arguments against indulgences (Wittenberg) Excommunicated by Pope Created his own denomination referred to as Lutheranism (branch)

Lutheranism Faith in Jesus, not good works brings salvation The Bible is the final source of truth about God, not priests. Church is all believers, not just the clergy

John Calvin Calvinism – agreed w/ Luther but added some new ideas God decides everything in advance, including who will go to heaven and hell: Predestination To prove they were “chosen” people lived good lives and worked hard Kings couldn’t run the church Became the Puritans Believed in theocracy-church led government

Counter Reformation 1500s & 1600s Catholic Church set out to defeat Protestantism = Counter – Reformation Bloody wars were fought until 1648 Pope Paul III formed the Council of Trent to fix the Catholic Church Jesuits – Society of Jesus, pope’s agents to spread Catholicism Catholic kings sent missionaries to convert

The Thirty Years’ War-worst religious war of the Reformation Protestants to the North of Europe, Catholics to the South of Europe The Spanish Inquisition – Catholic Court used to combat heresy Executed 2,000 Spaniards King Henry IV of France a Catholic king allowed French Protestants (Huguenots) to worship freely

Henry VIII King of England Ruled 1509 – 1547 6 wives (2 divorces, 2 beheaded) because he wanted a son Pope refused his request for annulment, Annul= to cancel 1534 The Act of Supremacy declared the king head of the Church of England not the pope Created the Anglican Church

The Six Wives of Henry VIII

Back and Forth in England Henry’s daughter Mary becomes queen in 1553 and restores Catholicism Arrested Protestants and burned 300 at the stake Nickname “Bloody Mary” After 5 years Mary died, her half-sister takes the throne--Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I – restored the Anglican Church and became a great leader

Nine-Five Theses Primary Source Analysis

Create your own Nine-Five Theses Assignment