Starter Explain how each of these issues made medicine worse in the Middle Ages: The Church took the place of doctors and hospitals. The emphasis was on care and religion rather than medicine. Generally very little progress medically in the Middle Ages. Generally poor public health if you were poor. If wealthy you would have regular baths. 1348 - Black Death - no understanding why. Superstition and god blamed. Medicine regressed in the Middle Ages.

Also called the “Dark Ages” The Middle Ages Also called the “Dark Ages” Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

What impact did the fall of the Empire have? The Roman Empire has collapsed and in Europe there was now not one ruler. Groups fought for the right to rule the land. There were numerous wars. Public health systems were destroyed because of war and invading tribes. The things the Romans invented were left to break down, key books from Greeks and Romans were lost or destroyed. It was not safe for doctors to travel and expand their research. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

But… In the Islamic World (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt) there WAS progress. Why? What factors led to this development? Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

Which was most and least significant?  The loss of medical knowledge/ bad doctors the forbidding by the Church of dissection, and its encouragement of prayer and superstition). The encouragement by the Church of prayer and superstition. The emphasis on 'authority1 rather than on observation and investigation. The lack of resources to build public health systems Social disorder and war, which disrupted communication and learning. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Roman medicine was developed

The role of the Church It discouraged progress by: forbidding dissection of human corpses. insisting that people agree with the writings of Galen encouraging people to rely on prayers to the saints and superstition to cure them of disease. encouraging the belief that disease was a punishment from God - this led to fatalism and prevented investigation into cures. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

Treatments Physicians would often study a patient's urine and/or use astrology before deciding on a suitable treatment. Due to belief in maintaining the balance of the four humours. Bleeding was a very common treatment. Surgery was not taught at universities, surgeons learnt surgery by watching an established surgeon. Physicians often worked as army doctors, treating those injured during the many wars of this period. Herbal concoctions such as hemlock, mandrake or opium were used for pain relief. Herbal remedies were widely used for many everyday illnesses. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

Hospitals The Catholic church taught that it was a religious duty to care for the sick, but it was not until the twelfth century that the church provided medical schools. Of the hospitals that were in existence, only 10% actually provided medical care. They were called hospitals because they provided hospitality (housing, food and clothing) for the needy. Monks and nuns cared for people in hospitals. Physicians were rarely seen in hospitals, they treated kings, nobles and wealthy merchants, not ordinary people. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

The role of Islam The teachings of Islam encouraged cleanliness and personal hygiene. They were not to pray until their bodies and clothes were spotlessly clean. Hospitals were run by the government. There were separate wards for each sex and often for different diseases as well. Only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine and hospitals were considered places of learning as well as healing centres. Most hospitals also had libraries containing translated medical texts including those of Galen and Hippocrates. Detailed records of patients, their medical treatment and their progress were kept. Patients were first treated with physiotherapy and diet. If this failed drugs would be used and finally, surgery. Islam teaches that God provides a cure for every illness and so physicians sought to find new cures and remedies. The science of Chemistry was considered very important in Islam and as a result man new drugs were developed. The Islamic Materia Medica (substances used in medicine) grew due to links with both the West and the East. Dissection was forbidden by the Islamic religion and so Islamic doctors knowledge of anatomy was not as advanced as their knowledge of physiology and remedies. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

Muslim doctors Individuals Rhazes was a Persian physician and philosopher. He is important because he wrote more than 150 books and translated Greek medical texts into Arabic. He identified the difference between smallpox and measles. He built a teaching hospital and encouraged recording of treatments and symptoms. Ibn Sina was the most famous Arab doctor. He travelled around the Arab Empire and spent time teaching and practising medicine in Cordoba, Spain. He was the first surgeon to describe the different parts of the eye. He also recognised the link between emotions and health as well as the link between nerves and muscles and nerves and pain. He wrote the Canon of Medicine which brought together all medical knowledge to date and was a standard medical text for over 600 years. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

Developments/Limitations Public Health Surgery and Anatomy Disease and Infection Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

Tasks Describe the work of surgeons in the Middle Ages. Describe the main treatments used by doctors in the Middle Ages.   Why was the Black Death able to spread so quickly in 14th Century England? Explain why bloodletting was used in the Middle Ages. Why did the Ancient Greeks make more progress in medicine than people in the Middle Ages? How far were Greek ideas about medicine accepted in the Middle Ages? Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

How important were the following factors in leading to the development of Medieval medicine? Individuals War Technology Religion Education Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

Evaluation technique Which was the most important factor that led to the development of medicine in Medieval times? Which was the least important factor that led to the development of medicine in Medieval times? Can you get any links between the two? Did one factor influence another? Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

Examination technique Choose one of the following eras below Greek era Roman era Choose one and explain how it was developed in terms of Public Health (4) Which was the most developed? You must refer to both time eras in your answer (8) Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed

Source work A doctor teaches urine examination to two students What does source A suggest about the development of medicine in the Middle Ages? (4) What different medical knowledge is suggested by Source B? Explain your answer using Sources A and B and your knowledge. (6) "Cause the human faeces and other filth lying in the streets and lanes in the city to be removed with all speed to places far distant, so that no greater cause of mortality may arise from such smells." In 1349, Edward III complained to the Lord Mayor of London that the streets of the city were filthy Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which Medieval medicine was developed