By Sikiru Abiodun Ganiyu DEVELOPING A BIM-KNOWLEDGE (BIM-K) FRAMEWORK FOR IMPACTFUL DECISION MAKING IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS By Sikiru Abiodun Ganiyu

Research Aim To develop a “BIM-Knowledge” (BIM-K) Framework that will integrate Knowledge and BIM to fully capture knowledge contribution to BIM implementation for impactful decision making in Sustainable Development Projects.

Research Objectives Review extant literature on Knowledge Management (KM), Building Information Modelling (BIM), and Sustainable Development Projects with a view to critically assess and document their strengths and weaknesses; Explore how knowledge management (especially tacit knowledge) can enhance the use of BIM to effect sustainable development projects; Investigate the decision making process in BIM implementation for improved sustainable development projects and the role knowledge plays in this regard;

Research Objectives Investigate the role of skills, knowledge, competencies, culture, motivation and level of education in the effective use and exploitation of BIM-K for managing sustainable development projects; Develop skills and knowledge inventory of key decision makers in the use of BIM-K to address sustainable development projects; and Develop and validate a BIM-K Framework for improved decision making on sustainable development projects.

Research Questions What factors impact on the successful implementation of BIM-infused Knowledge (BIM-K) for sustainable development projects and what is the extent of this impact? In what complex ways do BIM-infused Knowledge (BIM-K) contribute to impactful decision making in sustainable development projects?

Definition of Terms Knowledge: is a familiarity gained through experience, education, observation, or investigation. (PMI, 2004) The awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation. (CAS Leadership Attributes) Knowledge Management: is the art of creating, organising, applying and transferring knowledge to facilitate situational understanding and decision making. (Schlussel, 2010)

Definition of Terms Building Information Modelling: is a collaborative way of working, underpinned by the digital technologies which unlock more efficient methods of designing, creating and maintaining built assets. (Digital Built Britain Strategic Plan, 2015) Sustainable Development Project: is any development project that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (UN 1987; Kates et a, 2005)

Literature Review BIM and sustainable building together are able to best address the unprecedented challenges in productivity and sustainability encountered by the AEC industry (Farzad, 2015). Current BIM models are information-centric and the process to transform construction information into knowledge are isolated (Fangxiao et al, 2013). The current BIM approach is not matured enough to generate and capture knowledge, and knowledge management is a stand-alone process separated from BIM implementation (Fangxiao et al, 2013). The amount of knowledge generated throughout the life-cycle of a project is one of the greatest assets of a construction organisation (Malone, 2013).

Literature Review There is the need to capture and manage the vast large of information (and knowledge) in the construction industry (Deshpande, Azhar & Amireddy, 2014). Fragmentation of knowledge and the temporary nature of construction projects is a major contributing factor to knowledge loss within the industry (Liu et al, 2013; Wald, 2011). Effective capturing, storage and dissemination of this knowledge for future use and reuse are critical to successful execution of construction projects (Ping & Yu-Cheng, 2004; Deshpande, Azhar & Amireddy, 2014).

Literature Review KM activities help focus the organisation on generating, capturing, storing and utilising knowledge for problem solving, dynamic learning, strategic planning and decision making (Charlesraj, 2014). KM can provide some useful insights and methods to support the implementation of BIM if fully adopted (Malone, 2013). Two concepts from KM are useful when considering the implementation of BIM: the knowledge hierarchy; and the distinction between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge (Malone, 2013).

Literature Review Explicit knowledge is knowledge which can easily be written down, codified and captured in a database while tacit knowledge is more difficult to write down and codify (Frost, 2013; Nonaka, 1997). Tacit knowledge is vital to the successful delivery of projects but can still not be effectively captured by the existing BIM (Malone, 2013). This shortcoming of the present BIM provides the justification for this research as it aims at developing a framework by which knowledge (especially tacit knowledge) can be integrated into the existing BIM. This research is poised to leverage on the dual benefits of BIM as a tool for collaborative work and KM as a process of managing the knowledge (intellectual asset).

Research Methodology The research proposes an Exploratory Sequential Mixed Method Approach, adopting both qualitative and quantitative methods. Objectives Methodology Methods Objective 1 Qualitative Literature review Objective 2 Literature review, case studies and interview Objective 3 Objective 4 Qualitative & Quantitative Literature review, case studies, interview and questionnaire Objective 5 Literature review, case studies, interview and questionnaire Objective 6 Focus group

Research Methodology The unit of analysis for the case studies is the project. Three (3) projects are going to be selected in UK based on BIM implementation and sustainability qualities (energy efficiency). The consultants on these projects are going to constitute the research population for the interview. For the questionnaire, the research population will consists of all the consultants in the construction industry in UK.

Research Methodology Population of Consultants in UK (2016) No. Sources: Construction Skills Network Forecast (2016-2020) No. Profession Population 1 Architects 44, 090 2. Civil Engineers 54, 800 3 Construction Project Managers 50, 070 4 Services Engineers (M&E) 21, 400* 5 Surveyors 70, 740 Total 241, 100

Expected Contributions Development of SKI of key decision makers in the use of BIM-Knowledge Framework Development of BIM-Knowledge Framework for improved decision making. Contribute to academic discussions on how to improve BIM implementation for sustainable development projects through publications. Improve project delivery and organisational practice through effective knowledge communication framework.

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