CELLULAR COMPONENTS & PROCESES CELLS CELLULAR COMPONENTS & PROCESES

MODERN CELL THEORY The cell is the unit of structure and function in living things. All cells arise from preexisting cells. The cells of all living things carry on similar chemical activities. All cells carry on their metabolic activities in organelles.

There are two types of cells: Prokaryotic- cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or other cell ORGANELLES Eukaryotic- cells with a NUCLEUS & cell ORGANELLES Which is more complicated? REMEMBER YOU ARE EUKARYOTIC!

All cells have the following organelles: The parts of a cell that carry out a function are called cell ORGANELLES: All cells have the following organelles: Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Cytoskeleton

Eukaryote cells ALSO have: Nucleus Nucleolus Mitochondria Golgi Body Complex Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuole Lysosome Centrioles (ANIMAL ONLY) Only Plant Cells have all of the above &: Cell Wall Chloroplast

organelles little “organs” of the cell Organelles are present in BOTH plants and animals Carry out cellular functions!

Nucleus cellular control center Controls cellular activity contains hereditary material (DNA in chromosomes) self duplicating structure -divides when the cell divides

Nuclear membrane surrounds nucleus allowing certain materials to enter and leave

Nucleolus round organelle in the nucleus usually a pair involved with the synthesis of RNA in the ribosomes

Cytoplasm (protoplasm) fluid like material between the cell membrane and the nucleus over 80 % water “HOLDS” cell organelles in place site of most organelles and cellular chemical reactions

Vacuole membrane bound cytoplasmic spaces containing materials ** Vacuoles are crucial in single-celled organisms Two Types: Food vacuole--store and digest ingested food Contractile vacuole-pumps excess water from cells maintaining homeostasis

Mitochondrion "Powerhouse of the cell" carries on cellular respiration (contains respiratory enzymes that make ATP) (energy molecule) may contain DNA--is self duplicating-- divides when the cell divides found in greater #s in active cells

Plasma (cell) membrane The cell membrane is SEMI-PERMEABLE selectively regulates the flow of materials to and from the cell--thus maintaining chemical homeostasis within the cell The membrane acts like a BOUNCER only allowing certain things in and out of the cell It is made up of a lipid bilayer double layer of FAT - "Fat sandwich" transport through the plasma membrane likely occurs through these globular proteins (Fluid mosaic model)

ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES ONLY Centriole- a cylindrical structure found in the cytoplasm which appears to function during the division of certain animal cells (usually near the nucleus) Helps animal cells divide

photosynthesis the conversion of light energy to chemical energy by chlorophyll in chloroplasts Overall Net equation for photosynthesis: 6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide yields glucose + 6 oxygen (when catalyzed by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight)

Levels of Tissue Organization cell - unit of structure of all life tissue - composed of groups of similar cells organs - composed of groups of tissues functioning together organ systems - composed of groups of organs functioning together