PIGEON DISSECTION

PIGEON ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” LATIN meaning KINGDOM _____________ PHYLUM ____________________________ SUBPHYLUM ___________________________ CLASS _______________________________ ORDER _____________________________ ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” AVES Plural of “avis”= bird COLUMBIFORMES

MODIFICATIONS of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Feathers- (light weight & sturdy) provide lift & prevent heat loss Preen gland keeps feathers “fly-able” Streamline body to decrease air/wind resistance

EXTERNAL NARES CERE NICTITATING MEMBRANE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE inside head SCALY SKIN on feet CLAWS

EYES BIG for size of head See in COLOR Kestral Image from: http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/birdbrain2.html EYES BIG for size of head See in COLOR Eyes on front of face- gives depth perception Seen in predators Eyes on sides of head- Gives wide range of vision Seen in prey

BROOD PATCH Skin-to-egg contact keeps growing babies WARM Males that sit on eggs have it, too Image by Riedell/VanderWal ©2005

CLOACA & VENT Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005

Images by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 PREEN GLAND Oil makes feathers waterproof Preening straightens feathers and re-hooks barbules Image from: http://www.rit.edu/~vertzo/Pigeon/PigeonPages/Home.html

SKELETAL Hollow bones = light weight Image from: BIODIDAC

FUSED BONES = Sturdy FURCULA PYGOSTYLE STERNUM Image modified from: http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html

MODIFICATIONS of SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones = hollow/air sacs extend into bones to make them LESS DENSE = fused to make them STURDY FURCULA – stabilizes shoulders during flight STERNUM- attaches flight muscles PYGOSTYLE- support for tail

MUSCULAR SYSTEM PECTORALIS & SUPRACORACOIDEUS make up 35% of total body weight

MODIFICATIONS of MUSCULAR SYSTEM HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE provides power to move wings

CROP No digestion happens here Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 No digestion happens here Stores and moistens food waiting to be digested Allows food to move faster/next batch is waiting

CROP MILK http://www.joanbramsch.com/images/feeding.jpg COLUMBIFORMES- crop makes nutritious fluid called CROP MILK for babies

REMOVE PECTORALIS MUSCLE Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005

LIVER GALL BLADDER inside Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 WHAT CAN YOU SEE? HEART LIVER GALL BLADDER inside Rest of digestive system coiled underneath liver

HEART RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE COMPLETE SEPTUM Heart = 1½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal Heart rate much faster to move more blood

HOW FAST ? A human heart beats ~ 60-90 times/min A resting hummingbird’s heart beats 250 times/min. Or 1200 beats per minute (BPM) when feeding. http://www.deskpicture.com/DPs/Nature/Animals/hummingbird.jpg

HEART COMPLETE SEPTUM NOW 4 chambers 2 atria/2 ventricles Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 COMPLETE SEPTUM NOW 4 chambers 2 atria/2 ventricles

SINUS VENOSUS & CONUS ARTERIOSUS ARE GONE Main vein returning from body = VENA CAVA Main vein from lungs = PULMONARY VEIN Main artery to body = AORTA Main artery to lungs = PULMONARY ARTERY http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_anatomy.html

LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside GIZZARD PANCREAS

LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside GIZZARD PANCREAS

STOMACH PROVENTRICULUS entry to gizzard add acid GIZZARD Muscular Contains gravel/rocks to grind food Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005

DUODENUM (1st section of small intestine) Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 Receives bile from GALL BLADDER Receives trypsin from PANCREAS PANCREAS makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, & GLUCAGON

SPLEEN (circulatory) In mesentery Wrapped in digestive loops Near Gizzard Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005

SMALL INTESTINE (Duodenum & Ileum) REALLY, REALLY LONG SMALL INTESTINE Absorbs more nutrients Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005

COLIC CAECA Pouches at junction of small & large intestine Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 Pouches at junction of small & large intestine Contain bacteria to digest plants (cellulose)

LARGE INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE isn’t very large! Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 LARGE INTESTINE isn’t very large! Absorbs less water back from feces (Water is HEAVY!) EXITS through CLOACA

TRACHEA BRONCHI Cartilage rings keep airway open Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005

SYRINX VOICE BOX Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005

LUNGS Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24% Images by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24%

KIDNEYS & URETERS

TESTES TESTES KIDNEYS URETERS CLOACA

ONLY 1 OVARY makes eggs OVIDUCTS add albumen/shell

http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/brain.jpg

MODIFICATIONS of NERVOUS SYSTEM Large brain for body size = “smarter” Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors problem solving; learning; navigation; Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3D & Color Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass