19th Century New Zealand Race Relations The Maori King Movement The Kingitanga

The Kingitanga A Maori Assertion of Rangitiratanga

The Context "They respect our laws & customs but do not consider the former to extend beyond the lands alienated to us." Thomas Gore Browne, 1856. Governor of New Zealand

The reality of the1850s "The wars of the 1840's firmed up the boundaries between Maori & Pakeha spheres, and set limits on their interference with each other. With varying degrees of recognition, rage and reluctance, governors and settlers tacitly, and sometimes explicitly, conceded that Queen Victoria's writ did not run outside the European settlements." Belich p. 229 Making Peoples.

ACTIVITY: RECALL, THINKING and PREDICTING GO TO YOUR 9 O‘CLOCK PARTNER You have 5 minutes Why is Kingitanga an assertion of rangatiratanga? Which of Belich’s theories is hinted at with the word ‘boundary’? What does alienated mean? In your pair, predict what you think pan-tribal might mean.

Background Sequence 2 1850’s – Maori increasingly saw Pakeha acquisition of land as a challenge to their Rangitiratanga. The occupation by settlers, and subsequent control/authority over land extended either Pakeha or Maori’s “sphere/zone of influence”

Land sales = increases Pakeha Zones As Pakeha began to establish what Belich refers to as 'Pakeha Zones', so too did they extend their influence and control - to the point where it came into conflict with Maori influence and control. "Land sale was increasingly coming to mean the cession of all forms of control'. The Maori pursuit of mana led to increased numbers of Pakeha and a consequent struggle for sovereignty.

Resist land sales idea spread During the 1850's therefore Maori increasingly turned against land sales. A loose land holding movement began to develop and between 1855 - 58 became known as the Maori King Movement.

 Thereafter co-operation collapsed into conflict Peaceful period  Despite sporadic tensions bw NZ's 2 spheres - the British Colony & Independent Aotearoa - Pakeha & Maori got along surprisingly well Bw 1847 & 1860 there was peace and a degree of co-operation, in economics in particular.  Thereafter co-operation collapsed into conflict

Statements from slides 6 to 10. Rangatiratanga meant loss of land. ACTIVITY: REVIEW AND CHALLENGE Go to your 10 o’clock partner, discuss and agree disagree with the statements Statements from slides 6 to 10. Rangatiratanga meant loss of land. Land sales meant loss of control over land. Maori still wanted Europeans. Conscious Land holding by Maori was the basis of the King Movement. Despite Maori and European zones there was economic co-operation up to 1860

The creation of the Movement Sequence 3 The Kingitanga was an example of Maori Pan-Tribalism. It played a significant role in Maori Pakeha Race relations in the 1850’s and beyond. It was based on the idea of Kotahitanga This refers to Maori Unity Represented a challenge for Maori society, given tribal nature.

The champions From 1853 some North Island Maori began to look for better ways to resist Pakeha incursions on their authority. Tamihana Te Rauparaha & Matine Te Whiwhi had visited England in 1851- 52. They were impressed with the power & prestige of the monarchy. They advocated a need for a Maori King

WIREMU TAMIHANA – THE KINGMAKER MATENE TEWHIWHI

They based their ideas around: The ideas They based their ideas around: The need to end land sales The concept of unity or kotahitanga The placement of all mana under a Maori King

The idea gathers momentum From 1854 Maori began to agree to: Withhold land from sale to: Control or slow down settlement – pupuri whenua Est. kotahitanga – in the person of a king The aim was to bind all tribes to the policy of withholding land from sale.

But some did not join the pan Not all tribes were involved Ngapuhi, Taranaki & Hawkes Bay tribes were not at this time involved. Powerful leaders of Ngati Porou & Ngati Tuwharetoa were also not supportive.

Between 1856 & 1858 a series of tribal runanga & hui were held. The process Between 1856 & 1858 a series of tribal runanga & hui were held. Wiremu Tamihana took the lead in discussions – he was known at ‘the King-Maker”

The first King te In June 1858 Potatau Te Wherowhero was installed as the Maori King in a ceremony at Ngaruawhahia

IMAGES WIREMUTAMIHANA http://www.google.com/imgres?q=wiremu+tamihana&hl=en&biw=1233&bih=607&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=WDySrmEpKtCAaM:&imgrefurl=http://www.zealand.org.nz/whakapapa3.htm&docid=cNzfTlMNfYmAFM&imgurl=http://www.zealand.org.nz/images/maori08.jpg&w=147&h=182&ei=itnmT7qTB82TiQeZ8LRZ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=342&vpy=230&dur=1073&hovh=145&hovw=117&tx=81&ty=109&sig=103661862941128963680&page=1&tbnh=129&tbnw=103&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:80 accessed June 23