Merchandising Operations 5 Merchandising Operations Study Objectives Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies. Prepare entries for purchases under a perpetual inventory system. Prepare entries for sales under a perpetual inventory system. Prepare a single-step and multiple-step income statement Calculate the gross profit margin and profit margin. Prepare entries for purchases and sales under a periodic inventory system and calculate cost of goods sold. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Differences Between Service and Merchandising Companies Service companies perform services as their primary source of revenue (e.g. accounting firm, law office) Merchandising companies buy and sell inventory (e.g. Shoppers Drug Mart): Retailers sell to consumers Wholesalers sell to other companies Manufacturers produce goods for sale Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Operating Cycle The time it takes to go from cash to cash in producing revenues Longer for a merchandising company that for a service company: Merchandise must first be purchased before it can be sold Adds an additional step to the cycle Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Merchandising Company Revenue and Expenses Sales revenue (from the sale of merchandise): the main source Other revenue (interest, rent) Expenses are divided into categories: Cost of goods sold: total cost of merchandise sold in a period Operating expenses: incurred in the process of earning sales revenue Gross profit = Sales revenue less cost of goods sold Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Income Measurement Process for Merchandiser Illustration 5-2 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Inventory Systems Flow of costs for a merchandising company: Beginning inventory + purchases = cost of goods available for sale Once sold, these costs are assigned to cost of goods sold Goods left over are ending inventory One of these two systems is used to account for inventory (statement of financial position) and cost of goods sold (income statement): Perpetual inventory system Periodic inventory system Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Perpetual System Detailed records are kept for the cost of each product bought and sold These records are updated constantly for purchases and sales A physical count is done at least once a year to adjust perpetual records to actual This system enables the effective control of inventory which is an important asset Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Periodic System Detailed records of merchandise are not kept throughout the period Cost of goods sold is only determined at the end of the accounting period: Once inventory is counted Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + cost of purchases less ending inventory Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Discussion Question How do companies decide which inventory system to use? 5 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Perpetual Inventory System: Purchases of Merchandise Purchases are recorded in the Merchandise Inventory account Includes all costs to get merchandise to place of business and ready for resale: Includes freight and applicable taxes Less purchase returns, allowances, discounts Credit purchases are supported by a purchase order Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Freight and Sales Taxes Freight paid by the buyer is part of the cost of the merchandise purchased FOB (Free on Board) – refers to where title or ownership of goods transfers: FOB shipping point: seller’s place of business FOB destination: buyer’s place of business GST and HST paid does not form part of cost of goods (refunded) Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. FOB Shipping Point Ownership of the goods passes from the seller to the buyer as soon as the goods are shipped Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. FOB Destination Ownership of the goods does not pass from the seller to the buyer until the goods are received by the buyer (i.e. destination point) Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Discussion Question Who pays the freight—the seller or the buyer—when the shipping terms are (a) FOB shipping point and (b) FOB destination? 5 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Purchase Returns and Allowances A purchaser returns the goods to the seller and receives a cash refund or credit The buyer may choose to keep the merchandise if the seller is willing to give an allowance (deduction) from the purchase price In both cases, the result is a decrease to Merchandise Inventory (the cost of goods purchased) Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Discounts A quantity discount gives a price reduction according to the volume of the purchase: Not recorded separately – discounted price is recorded as cost of purchase A purchase discount is offered to encourage early payment of a balance due. Example: 2/10, n/30: Recorded separately when payment made. Results in a decrease to Merchandise Inventory account Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Perpetual Inventory System: Recording Inventory Purchases Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Sales of Merchandise Recording of sales: Two entries required: one to record sales price and one to record cost of sale Sales taxes are not recorded as revenue When freight is FOB destination, seller records cost of freight as an expense Sales returns and allowances are a contra revenue account to Sales Sales discounts are also a contra revenue account to Sales Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Summary of Sales Transactions Illustration 5-5 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Recording Inventory Sales Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Income Statement Presentation Two different forms of income statement: Single-step All data classified into two categories: revenues and expenses Multiple-step Shows several steps in determining profit or loss Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Single-Step Income Statement Revenues Net sales Interest revenue Total revenues Expenses Cost of goods sold Operating expenses Interest expense Loss on sale of equipment Total expenses Profit before income tax Income tax expense Profit $460,000 3,400 463,400 316,000 114,000 1,800 200 432,000 31,600 6,300 $ 25,300 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Multiple-Step Income Statement Sales revenues Sales Less: Sales returns and allowances Sales discounts Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Operating expenses Salaries expense Rent expense Utilities expense Advertising expense Depreciation expense Freight out Loss on sale of equipment Total operating expenses Profit from operations $12,000 8,000 $45,000 19,000 17,000 16,000 9,000 200 $480,000 20,000 460,000 316,000 144,000 114,200 29,800 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Multiple-Step Income Statement (continued) Profit from operations (continued) Other revenues and gains Interest revenue Other expenses and losses Interest expense Profit before income tax Income tax expense Profit $3,400 1,600 $ 29,800 1,800 31,600 6,300 $ 25,300 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Evaluating Profitability: Gross Profit Margin Measures the gross profit expressed as a percentage of net sales Gross profit margin = Gross profit Net sales Higher is generally better Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Evaluating Profitability: Profit Margin Measures the percentage of each dollar of sales that results in profit Profit margin = Profit Net sales Higher is generally better Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Discussion Question Why would food stores (e.g., Sobeys), generally experience lower gross profit and profit margins than businesses such as computer services (e.g., Microsoft)? 5 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Appendix 5A: Periodic Inventory System Compare to perpetual inventory system: Differences in recording purchases Differences in recording sales Cost of goods sold is calculated only at the end of a period, using ending inventory count Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Comparison of Entries for Inventory Purchases Illustration 5A-3 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Comparison of Entries for Sales Illustration 5A-3 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Calculating Cost of Goods Sold Three steps are required: Calculate cost of goods purchased Determine ending inventory Calculate the cost of goods sold Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Multiple-Step Income Statement Sales revenue Sales Less: Sales returns and allowances Sales discounts Net sales Cost of goods sold Inventory, January 1 Purchases Less: Purchase returns Purchase discounts Net purchases Add: Freight in Cost of goods purchased Cost of goods available for sale Inventory, December 31 Gross profit $325,000 10,400 6,800 307,800 12,200 $12,000 8,000 $ 36,000 320,000 356,000 40,000 $480,000 20,000 460,000 316,000 144,000 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Multiple-Step Income Statement (continued) Gross profit (continued) Operating expenses Salaries expense Rent expense Utilities expense Advertising expense Depreciation expense Freight out Insurance expense Loss on sale of equipment Total operating expenses Profit from operations $45,000 19,000 17,000 16,000 8,000 7,000 2,000 200 $144,000 114,200 29,800 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Multiple-Step Income Statement (continued) Profit from operations (continued) Other revenues and gains Interest revenue Other expenses and losses Interest expense Profit before income tax Income tax expense Profit $3,400 1,600 $ 29,800 1,800 31,600 6,300 $ 25,300 Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Comparing IFRS and ASPE Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.