Swing & Progress: Media Development in China Guo Ke November 23，2016

Reflection on Radio Visit

Intro to Media Development in China A framework for discussing Chinese media A metamorphosis over 30 years 2015: internet+ The regulation of the media Future trends

A framework for discussing Chinese media State-initiated and state-owned The historical contexts are important There is always stereotyping: classroom discussions

A metamorphosis over 30 years 1979-1995: Planned beginning 1996-2006: Market-oriented development 2007- now: Rise of new media and decline of traditional media

1979-1995: Planned Beginning 1. Media as public institutions, not as money-making enterprises 2. Prioritize social benefits over economic returns 3. Closed-cycle operation in every TV station. No national market of news production.

1979-1995: Three Phases of Swings First phase (1978 -1984) : Campaign against "Spiritual Pollution" Pompous Writing Style & Advertising appeared. Second Phase (1985 – 1986): Campaign against "bourgeois liberalization." Entertainment & editorials Third Phase (Climax up to 1989) Movement against "peaceful evolution" by Western countries (Chu, 1994). Negative News & World Economic Herald shutdown

World Economic Herald 1980-1989: 441 Issues

1996-2006: Market development A few watersheds in the late 90s. 1996: the establishment of Huaxi Metropolitan News, a city daily newspaper based in Chengdu, initiating the age of city dailies which focus on the city dwellers and compete in the market and become very popular among readers. 1997: the establishment of Guangzhou Daily Newspaper Group, the first newspaper group in China’s media history and it also started the practice of newspaper conglomeration all over China. From 2000, the channel specialization of television.

1996-2006: Market-oriented development 1. Market-oriented and local papers start to dominate news consumption. 2. Media still was considered as public institution, but started to operate as a money-making enterprises 3. Try to balance social benefits and economic returns 4. A separation between production and broadcasting in TV stations.

1996-2006: Shanghai Competitive Model On October 28, 1992, when an independent 24-hour radio station known as Oriental Radio Station (ORS) was established and an independent TV station, Oriental Television Station (OTV), was set up three months later, on January 18, 1993.

1996-2006: Shanghai Case Lively Styles and pressure on newspapers: Shanghai Media Group (SMG) vs Shanghai Newspapers Group

2007- Now : Decline of traditional media and rise of new media Media all over China were converting to real enterprises. The rise of China-based social media: @sina and WeChat Reality Shows make the separation between production and broadcasting a reality. 4. An attempt at survival: the newspaper apps (subscription heavy in the East Coast)

2007- Now : Decline of traditional media and rise of new media 5. The TV terminator: the video websites. Further conglomeration and the appearance of cross-medium, cross-industry, and cross- region all-media: the combination of TV and Radio and the establishment of Shanghai United Media Group 7. The aggregating trend: News aggregator, Jin Ri Tou Tiao (Today’s Headline) ; the TV aggregator, OTT

2015: internet+ ? Internet + a catchword, yet how? Bingdu News: readers share advertising revenue. (2015,4,15) Within 45 days, the app download exceed 5,000,000 It is not an extension of the newspaper, but rather is an alternative for the newspaper to continue to exist in some way after its inevitable death as a newspaper. --- Caoke, the CEO of Nandu Newspaper Group.

Regulation of Media Media are state-owned and regulated by the state through administration codes. There is not a statute media law now. A system of Press Spokesperson is gradually installed. But it is far from satisfactory, especially local governments need to improve their information sharing with public.

Regulation of the media US-based social media like Twitter and Facebook can not be accessed inside China. Instead, Chinese own social media prosper. (Tencent/WeChat) Ethical challenges: truth, privacy-protection, the popularity of hidden cameras and undercover reporting, red-packet…

The future trend Increasingly higher degree of marketization The regulation model (the media law): rooted in Chinese culture and practice yet fit to the needs of China’s modern development.