ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY Word – Morpheme Analysis Meeting 3 Dr. R. Arief Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum.

Presentation Outline The atom of word The nature of morphemes Free – bound morpheme

Helicopter, pteropus, diptera Bible, bibliography, bibliophile Prefer, infer, defer, confer, transfer, refer [bear, bring, send] Etymological information vs. Synchronic information

“Smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of. They cannot be decomposed into smaller units...” dog, dogs, black, blackens, play, player, tank, plank, flank -s (plural form) -en (verb from adjective) -er (agentive nominal from a verb) Try these Player, caller Kindness, goodness Kitchenette, cigarette Ex-wife, ex-minister Pre-war, pre-school Miskick, misjudge

What distincts morphem types? A further division among morphemes involves whether they can occur on their own or not dogs, kicked, cranberry Free morpheme Bound morpheme Try these Unjust, untidy, uncle, under

Another distinction: Content Morphemes: morphemes that have a referential function that is independent of grammatical structure; e.g. dog, kick, etc. Sometimes these are called “open-class” because speakers can add to this class at will Function morphemes: morphemes that are bits of syntactic structure– e.g. prepositions, or morphemes that express grammatical notions like [past] for past tense. Sometimes called “closed-class” because speakers cannot add to this class

The bound/free and content/function distinctions are not the same. Some examples: Content Function Bound cran- -ed Free dog the

Words have an internal structure that requires analysis into constituents (much like syntactic structure does) For example: Unusable contains three pieces: un-, use, -able Question: If we are thinking about the procedures for building words, is the order derive use-able, then add un-; or derive un-use, then add -able

Consider: With –able, we create adjectives meaning ‘capable of being V-ed’, from verbs V Break/break-able; kick/kick-able There is no verb un-use This is an argument that Structure 1 is correct: [un [use able]] This analysis fits well with what the word means as well: not capable of being used. Structure two would mean some thing like ‘capable of not being used’

TATAP MATA SAYA, LET’S ROCK EXERCISE 2 STOP BEING ‘GALAU’, EH? LET’S ROCK THE EXERCISE 2

Exercise Give the morphological structure of the following English words: “contrastive”, “blue-eyed”, “disconnecting” What is the meaning of the morphemes represented in writing by “ex-”, “dis-”, “un-”, “re-”, and “-less” in the following words: Dislike Unfasten Unhappy Ex-monk Rewrite Disallow Priceless Recover