IV. Colonial Conflict

A. Resistance & Rebellion 1. Amerindians & Slaves: - secret practicing of religious rituals, prayers - fleeing to urban centers - suicide among Amerindians - sabotage of machinery (mines, plantations) - poisoning slave owners

Slave-led communities: - palenques in Spanish colonies - quilombos in Brazil - maroon colonies in Caribbean/U.S. 3. Palmares (Brazil): 1000’s of slaves lived for 60 years before being retaken (1694)

B. 18th Century Changes 1. 1700s: indentured labor replaced with rapid growth of African slave trade rice farms & indigo plantations imported slaves emergence of distinctive cultures & languages

2. Stono Rebellion (1739): 100-150 armed slaves in S. Carolina rebellion frightened slave owners 18th c. Brazil: sugar, diamond mines, cotton, coffee Africans soon became largest ethnic group in Brazil

4. Amerindian uprisings increased - Túpac Amaru “the last Inca” - educated by Jesuits - mostly Amerindians, but some Creoles, mestizos, & slaves joined - more than 100,000 killed

Diamond Mining in Brazil

C. Bourbon Reforms “Bourbon Reforms”: - Spanish America & Brazil increased inter-colonial trade…but tightened trans-Atlantic control - expansion of commercial monopolies - restrictions on local Creole access to political office - “colonials” engaged in tax rebellions, urban riots

D. Colonial Society is Born By late 18th-c. “colonial” society a reality Latin American society characterized by diverse ethnic groups & social classes locally-born social groups led to… - local demands for political autonomy…

E. Colonial Economies: Potosi silver mines stimulated wheat imports from Chile, livestock from Argentina, textiles Ecuador Brazil’s sugar connected to rest of Spanish America (Rio de Janeiro & Bahia ports for exports -- tea, hides, livestock, silver) Brazil: regional source of slaves