Nursing Theorist Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain By Jennifer Lovell and Savannah Southard

Background of the Theorists Helen Erickson Developed the Adaptive Potential Assessment Model (APAM) Mary Ann Price Swain Principal Investigator for NIH funded research project Evelyn Malcolm Tomlin Wrote about theory, calling it Erickson’s Self-Care Model

Modeling and Role Modeling Theory “The focus of this theory is on the person. The nurse models (assesses), role models (plans), and intervenes in this interpersonal and interactive theory. They asserted that each individual unique, has some self-care knowledge, needs simultaneously to be attached to the separate from others, and has adaptive potential. Nurses in this theory, facilitate, nurture and accept the person unconditionally.” Texas Woman’s University, 2017

Introduction of the Theory Published in 1983 Significant changes in nursing actions Adopted as a framework for medical-surgical units Courses in MRM offered to graduate students MRM Cohort -> Society for the Advancement of MRM 1st national conference in 1986

Modeling Definition: to gain an understanding of the patient’s world from the patient’s perspective, to build a “model” from the patient’s world view (Society for the Advancement of Modeling & Role Modeling, 2015)

Role Modeling Definition: using the patient’s model of the world to plan interventions that meet his or her perceived needs, and help him or her grow, develop, and heal (SAMRM, 2015)

Major Concepts Maslow's Theory of Hierarchy of Needs (Self-actualization, self-esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, safety needs, and physiological needs Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Stages (Trust – Despair) Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development is a description of cognitive development as four distinct stages in children: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal) Seyle and Lazarus's General Adaptation Syndrome his stereotypical response pattern, called the General Adaptation Syndrome' (GAS) (SAMRM, 2015)

Metaparadigm The nursing paradigm is linked together by the person, health, environment and nursing. The Modeling and Role- Modeling theory has its own unique characteristics to describe each link of the paradigm (Erickson, Tomlin, & Twain, 2005)

Person Each person has their own subsystem that interacts with genetics, and beliefs. The interacting subsystems include biophysical, psychological, social and cognitive (Erickson et.al 2005)

Environment The environment is where people live internally and externally. Stressors are a daily part of life but a person can adapt to the stressors internally and externally. External factors may be necessary for clients who need assistance in recognizing stress and resources to adapt to stressors in his or her life

Health The definition of health has expanded to not only include the absence of disease, but also the state of wellbeing which includes physical, mental and psychosocial.

Nursing Facilitation Nurturance Unconditional

Goals of Intervention To build trust Promote the patient's positive orientation Promote the patient's control Affirm and promote the patient's strengths Set mutual, health-directed goals.

Jens Relation to Practice Nursing role: Focus on the greater good Holistic approach: Grounded in an ethic of caring Nurturance: Sensitivity to diversity Build trust: Respect for the worth of all Focus on priorities of the community Unconditional acceptance Unbiased nursing care Encompass mental and physical health

Savannah’s Relation to Practice Nursing roles Facilitation Help to identify needs and achieve goals Holistic approach Nurturance Build trust Be supportive Unconditional acceptance Unbiased nursing care Individualized care This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

In conclusion… Modeling & Role Modeling Theory SAMRM: Beliefs about people, environments, health, and nursing Holistic Nursing SAMRM: Promotes the study and integration of theoretical propositions and philosophical foundations through research, practice and continuing education Develops a network for the support, stimulation and growth of the membership through newsletters, conferences and membership meetings Disseminates knowledge and information through conferences and publication of conference proceedings Addresses society needs by contributing to improvement of health care through proactive promotion of holistic health (SAMRM, 2015)

References Erickson, H., Tomlin, E. & Swain, M. (2005) (8th Printing). Modeling and role- modeling: A theory and paradigm for nursing. Cedar Park TX: EST Company. (Original printing by Prentice Hall, 1983). Erickson, H. (Ed). (2006) Modeling and role-modeling: a view from the client's world. Cedar Park, TX: Unicorns Unlimited. Erickson, H. (1990). Theory based nursing. In H. Erickson & C. Kinney (Ed). Modeling and role-modeling: theory, practice and research. Vol 1(1), pp. 1-27. Cedar Park, TX: The Society for the Advancement of Modeling and Role-Modeling. Society for the Advancement of Modeling & Role Modeling. (2015). Retrieved from http://mrmnursingtheory.org/index.html Texas Woman’s University. (2017). Evelyn Tomlin, Helen Erickson, and Mary Ann Swain (1983) modeling and role modeling theory. Retrieved from http://libguides.twu.edu/c.php?g=270174&p=1803078