The oil industry Wan Chi Chao (Jessie) 12F

Use of oil as an energy source Gasoline is used in cars diesel fuel is used in trucks heating oil is used to heat our homes

Use of oil as a chemical feedstock 10% of the refined products of crude oil are used a source of organic chemicals plastics, cosmetics, solvents, food additives…

Removal of sulfur Sulfur impurities in petroleum must be removed REDUCE THE ACDIC SULFUR OXIDE POLLUTION FROM THE BURNING OF OIL AND GAS

Fractional Distillation of oil Allows the separation of liquid mixtures based on their differing boiling point

The composition and characteristic of crude oil fractions Carbon chain length Boiling range/oC Main uses Refinery 1 -4 <30 Used as fuel on site gaseous cooking fuel and as feedsctock for chemicals, e.g: methane is used to provide hydrogen gas gor the Haber process Gasoline and naphtha 5-10 40 – 180 Gasoline (petrol) for cars. Feedstock for organic chemicals (by steam cracking) Kerosine 11-12 160 -250 Fuel for jet engine; domestic heating; cracking to provide extra gasoline Gas oil (diesel oil) 13 – 25 220 – 350 Diesel engines and industrial heating; cracked to produce extra gasoline Residue >20 >350 Fuel for large furnaces; vacuum distilled to make lubricating oils and waxes. Residue of bitumen and asphalt used to surface roads and waterproof roofs

Catalytic cracking take place at lower temperature around 1000°C

Thermal cracking increase the yield of distillation heated under pressure and at higher temperature make the hydrocarbon molecules being broken down into smaller molecules (more useful)

Steam cracking The feedstock is preheated, vaporized and mixed with steam Convert at 1250-1400°C

Environmental impact Cause air pollution Solution government monitors how oil is produced, refined, stored… refinery