Chapter One Learning Disabilities: Definitions, Characteristics, and Current Directions.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter One Learning Disabilities: Definitions, Characteristics, and Current Directions

Definitions of Learning Disabilities Federal Definition: IDEA Psychological Processing Disorder Difficulty in Learning Interagency Committee on Learning Disabilities (ICLD) Definition Social Skills Disorders National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD) Definition Intrinsic to the Individual Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Common Elements in the Definitions Central Nervous System Dysfunction Uneven Growth Pattern/Psychological processing Deficits Discrepancy Between Potential and Achievement Exclusion of Other Causes Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Learning Disabilities (cont’d) Disorders of attention Poor motor abilities Psychological processing deficits Lack of phonological awareness Poor cognitive strategies for learning Oral language difficulties Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Learning Disabilities (cont.) Reading difficulties Writing difficulties Mathematics difficulties Social skills difficulties Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Characteristics at Different Age Levels Preschool children Elementary-age children Secondary students Adults Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Ages That Children with Learning Disabilities are Identified Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Percent of Students with Learning Disabilities Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Composition of Students with Disabilities Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Major Phases in the Field of Learning Disabilities Foundation phase: 1800 –1930 Brain Research Transition phase: 1930-1960 Clinical Study of Children Integration phase: 1950-1980 School Programs Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Timeline: Phase in the Field of Learning Disabilities Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Example of Visual Perception Source: Illustrations by W.E. Hill in Puck, 1915. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Changes in Terminology Brain-injured child 1947 Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) Learning Disabilities 1947. Alfred Strauss 1966. Peter Clements Dept of HEW 1963. Samuel Kirk Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Some Current Directions Standards-based Education High Stakes Testing Inclusion Practices Cultural & Linguistic Diversity Computer Technology Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Special Education Laws 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act PL 94-142 1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act PL 101-476 1997 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 PL 105-17 2004 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act PL 108-446 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.