Peace or War Interdependence – when one nation depends on other nations for certain goods and services Sovereignty – total self-rule Nationalism – great (intense) pride in your country National Interest – when the government decides what is in the nation’s best interest

Foreign Policy – the way one nation chooses to treat other nations U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) – the first “communist” nation – created after the Communist Revolution in 1917 (the U.S.S.R. no longer exists!)

The Communist Manifesto – 1848 – written by Karl Marx and Frederick Engles – this book was the basis for communism! The book divides the world into 2 groups: *Capitalists – owners of industry; Proletariat – workers.

The communist philosophy of world conquest: One day the workers of the world will unite; The workers will overthrow the capitalists (bosses); The entire world will become communist.

Nationalist China – the official name of anti-communist China – this nation is located on the island of Taiwan/Formosa The Peoples Republic of China – the official name of communist China – nicknamed Red China – this is the largest populated nation in the world and has ¼ of the world’s population – over 1 ½ billion people

Quotations of Chairman Mao Tze-tung – nicknamed “the little Red Bible of Chinese Communism” – excerpt - Every Communist must grasp the truth, "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun." Communist China was formally recognized during the administration of President Richard Nixon (perhaps, because Red China often seemed to oppose the expansion of the U.S.S.R.)

Basic Defense Policies of the U.S. Protect the U.S. from foreign attack; Protect the U.S. by showing other nations how strong we are (which often leads to increased spending on the military). Article 1, Section 8, Clause 11 states – only Congress can declare war Article 1, Section 8, Clause 12 states – Congress can raise and support an army

Atricle 1, Section 10, Clause 3 states: States cannot enter into a treaty without the consent of Congress; States cannot have a military without the consent of Congress. The Department of Defense was created in 1947 from 2 departments: *Department of War – created in 1789; Department of the Navy – created in 1798

Civil duties of the Army include: A. Protecting U.S. Territories; B. Helping during times of “disaster”. Contents of the U.S. Army: Regular Army; Reserves; R.O.T.C.; National Guard.

Transition in the size of the U.S. Army: 1789 – Small – volunteer army; 1860 – Civil War – the 1st national draft was used – the led to a major draft protest by immigrants in N.Y. City – 1000 were believed to have been killed! 1950 – Congress decided to keep a large standing army, even during peace times; Today – All –volunteer army.

Draft – Conscription Operation of the last draft (during the Vietnam War) – a young man had to register 5 days before or after their 18th birthday – nicknamed the “lottery system” Penalty for refusing to sign-up for registration, dodging the draft, etc. – 5 years in a federal penitentiary and a $10,000 fine (today its 5 yrs. + $250,000)

Selective Service – runs the draft Pro’s of the draft: *It makes it easy to increase the size of the military; All Americans should be willing to serve in the military.

Con’s of the draft: *Causes protests; Young people cannot get on with their lives. Draft Classifications: 1–A – Physically fit for duty; 1-A-O - Conscientious objector to war (you could not be set to a combat zone)

1 – S - you were exempt from service because you were still a student in high school 4 – F -you were exempt from service because you were physically, mentally, or morally unfit for duty

The C.I.A. Information gathering process: *Observation; Transmission; Conclusion. Effects of Foreign Policy on our lives: *Prices may go up; Taxes may go up; It may cause a war or a draft.

Limited Test Ban Treaty – 1963 – The signers of this treaty promise – never to test nuclear weapons above ground (in the atmosphere) *Original Signatories of these treaties: U.S.; U.S.S.R.; Great Britain.

The International Treaty on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space – 1967 – The signers promised – not to use space vehicles as launching pads for weapons The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty – 1968 – The signers promised not to spread nuclear material to nations that did not already possess that power

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (S.A.L.T.) were signed by: U.S.; U.S.S.R. S.A.L.T. I was approved by the Senate S.A.L.T. II was not approved by the Senate

The S.T.A.R.T. talks were initiated during the administration of Ronald Reagan The key difference in S.T.A.R.T. and S.A.L.T. is the word “reduction” Plutonium – radioactive waste material that can be used in nuclear weapons Disarmament – when a nation takes away its weapons

Joint Chiefs of Staff – heads of the branches of the military that are the top military advisers to the President Civilian control of the military can be seen by the “requirement” that the President and the Secretary of Defense be civilians and not current members of the armed forces Rivalry among the armed forces is often centered over the issue of “money”

Limited Warfare – the belief that war can be limited to only one part of the world Conventional Weapons include most weapons except: Nuclear Weapons; Biological Weapons. Diplomatic Immunity – diplomats to the U.S. and their immediate families are immune from arrests except murder/ treason

The United Nations June 22, 1942 – the “idea” for establishing a charter for the United Nations was formed January 10, 1946 – the 1st meeting of the United Nations took place – in London

Stated Purposes of the United Nations: Maintain world peace and security; Develop friendly world relations’ Promote world justice. Membership in the United Nations is open to any country that: A. “Claims” to be peace-loving; B. Receives a 2/3 vote from the General Assembly.

Possible penalty for not paying your dues to the United Nations for 2 consecutive years – the General Assembly has the power to “kick” you out of the U.N. (never been done) The 1st international peace-keeping organization was the League of Nations – proposed by President Wilson after W.W.I. *The U.S. Senate rejected this plan!

Organization of the United Nations A. The General Assembly – the largest part of the U.N. – all member nations are represented in this part of the U.N. – each nation receiving only 1 vote – regardless of size or wealth and a 2/3 vote is needed on matters of “great importance”, otherwise just a simple majority is required

Security Council – meets in times of “emergencies” and is composed of 15 members – 5 of those are permanent members: 1. U.S.; 2. Red China; 3. Great Britain; 4. France; 5. The Russian Federation.

*On the Security Council, a permanent member has a very special power – if they are opposed to something, they can “veto” the entire resolution, even if the vote were 14 –1 (if a permanent member says “no”, then the resolution is automatically vetoed!)

The Trusteeship Council – takes care of nations that cannot take care of themselves Nations entrusted to this council include: 1. Colonies from World War I; 2. Colonies from World War II; 3. Any nation that asks for help.

The Economic and Social Council – has 54 members – each serve for 3 year terms (18 are elected every year) 4 major jobs of the Economic and Social Council: Increase an area’s standard of living; Help with need medical services; Help increase the education programs; Protect “human rights”.

The International Court of Justice (World Court) – located in the Hague in the Netherlands The court has 15 judges who serve 9 year terms with the limitation that no 2 judges on the court can come from the same country

The International Court of Justice hears cases concerning: Violations of international treaties; Violations of international laws’ Disputes between countries. *Decisions of this court are “voluntary” and are not enforced! (unless the United Nations together takes action)

The Secretariat of the United Nations – the administration of the United Nations The official in charge of the Secretariat of the U.N. is the Secretary – General *Currently that office is held by Ban Ki-Moon of the Republic of Korea (South Korea)

Brief History of U.S. Foreign Policy Isolationism – the 1st U.S. foreign policy – this is the policy of staying to yourself, leaving other nations alone – George Washington in his Farewell Address warned the United States to stay away from “foreign entanglements”

Selected Foreign Purchases Louisiana Purchase – 1803 – during the administration of Thomas Jefferson. The area was purchased from Napoleon of France who may have sold it in order to get money he needed to conduct his wars in Europe Florida Purchase – 1819 – from Spain

The Monroe Doctrine – 1823 – presented in a speech given to Congress – stated: Europe was to stay out of the Western Hemisphere; Europe was to no longer colonize the Western Hemisphere; The U.S. would protect all “independent” nations in the Western Hemisphere. *This may have seemed to work because Europe was involved with its own wars!

Continued Expansion Oregon Territory was obtained from Great Britain – 1846 Texas was “annexed” – 1845 Alaska was purchased from Russia – 1867 *The purchase of Alaska was nicknamed “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” after Secretary of State Seward

Open Door Policy – 1899 – established by Secretary of State Hay – China would be an “open door” for trade to all nations Roosevelt Corollary – “Teddy” Roosevelt – 1904 – the U.S. would be the police force for the Western Hemisphere – this would be a corollary (addition) to the Monroe Doctrine

1916 Campaign Slogan of Woodrow Wilson “He kept us out of war” – he won re-election In 1917, the United States entered World War I – Why? “Unrestricted German Submarine Warfare” *Many, even in Congress, felt World War I would be the war to end all wars After the end of World War I, the United States returned to “isolationism”

As the European dictators increased in power, the U. S As the European dictators increased in power, the U.S. remained out of the conflict The Lend-Lease Act was passed by Congress, during F.D.R.’s Administration This act allowed the U.S. to lend or lease “old” war material (mostly to England) and showed that the United States was not really neutral

The Invasion of Poland was the event that caused Europe to enter World War II The bombing attack on Pearl Harbor was the event that caused the United States to enter World War II *F.D.R. would be the U.S. President at the beginning of World War II, but he would die and Harry Truman would be the U.S. President at the end of World War II

The 1st successful test of an atomic bomb took place in New Mexico The 1st atomic bomb dropped in war was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan President Truman claimed to have been given 2 options concerning the bomb: Invade Japan – which could cost 1 million American lives; Drop the atomic bomb (which he chose).

Truman Doctrine – nicknamed “containment” – the U. S Truman Doctrine – nicknamed “containment” – the U.S. would contain communism to only one part of the world, even if it required force! Marshall Plan – Economic plan after World War II – give money to nations threatened by communism and those countries would be less likely to turn communist

June 25, 1950 – Communist North Korea invaded South Korea The U.N. takes “police action” against the invasion General MacArthur was the U.S./U.N. commander in Korea July 27, 1953 – “Cease-fire” – not a peace treaty – ended the Korean Conflict – the two nations are divided by the D.M.Z.

Costs of the Korean Conflict: 34,000 American lives; $20 Billion. *During the Korean Conflict, General MacArthur would often “invade” Red China, chasing the North Koreans. President Truman would order him most to do this – fearing W.W. III – when he continued, Truman fired MacArthur for disobeying direct orders!

Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in 1959 after a revolution that overthrew the dictator, Batista Castro surprised the U.S. by deciding to turn his government in Cuba – Communist *Cuba is only 90 miles from the coast of Florida and the U.S. did not want a communist nation so close to our shores

The Administration of Eisenhower had planned to invade Cuba to overthrow the Castro Regime When J.F.K. became President he inherited this plan from the Eisenhower Administration *This C.I.A. Plan – “Bay of Pigs” failed; Unsound logic; No air support.

The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the world has ever come to World War III A U-2 surveillance (spy) plane took photographs over Cuba that showed nuclear missiles being placed on the island by the U.S.S.R.

President Kennedy was given 3 options: Bomb Cuba; Invade Cuba; Blockade/Quarantine Cuba (the option chosen by President Kennedy). *The closest adviser to President Kennedy was his brother, Robert (Bobby) Kennedy

R. F. K. made a “deal” with the U. S. S. R R.F.K. made a “deal” with the U.S.S.R. to remove the missiles from Cuba, in exchange for the U.S. withdrawing its missiles from Turkey 6 months later Deterrence – policy of showing strength to prevent attack by other nations Détente – policy of negotiating, instead of fighting Cold War – war of words between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

Differences in Ideology While the U.S. and Soviet Union did not directly fight each other after W.W. II, there was a state of tension between the two camps called the “Cold War.”

Differences in Ideology U.S.A. Soviet Union United States: democratic and capitalist. Soviet Union: dictatorial and communist.

The U.S. Formed a Military Alliance with Western Europe President Truman signs N.A.T.O. Pact 1948 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Logo

The Soviet Union Formed a Rival Military Group The Soviet Union controlled and forced the countries of Eastern Europe to join the Warsaw Pact.

U.S. Policy: Containment The goal of US policy was “Containment” of the Soviet Union and Communism.

The Berlin Wall In Berlin and elsewhere the Soviets used walls, barbed wire and guards to keep people from escaping to the West.

Europe 1945-1989 From 1945 until 1989 both sides glared at each other and spied on one another, but stopped short of actual fighting in Europe.

The Domino Theory South Vietnam? Communism China Tibet Korea J.F.K. and other Presidents saw this expansion as a threat they called the “Domino Theory.”

Vietnam & the Domino Theory JFK then committed U.S. Troops to fight in South Vietnam against Communist forces there.

Vietnam The U.S. fought in Vietnam from 1961 until 1973. When we left, the country was united under Communist control in 1975. Counting the Days

“The Wall” “The Wall” and Frederick Hart statues recall the sacrifice of those who served in the Vietnam War.

Korean and Vietnam Wars 1950-1953 1961-1973 Both of these were wars in Asia and both were attempts to “contain” communism which we thought would topple one country after another unless stopped. (Domino Theory)

Controlling The Nuclear Beast 1. Who are the two figures on top of the trunk? 2. What are they trying to contain? 3. What does this explain about the Cold War?

The End of the Cold War The 50 year plus rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet Union, known as the Cold War, ended with the collapse of the Communist Soviet Union.

Collapse of the Soviet Union The backward Soviet economy was a disaster.

Eastern Europe Wanted Freedom

The non-Russian people wanted independence. Soviet Union Collapse # ‘s 1-10 & 12-15 Non-Russian # 11 Russia The non-Russian people wanted independence.

Gorbachev: The Reformer Soviet leader Gorbachev promised to allow a little freedom and capitalism in return for economic aid.

Gorbachev: The Reformer The new freedoms or openness were called “Glasnost” and the economic restructuring was called “perestroika.” They came with risks.

Reagan Kept The Pressure On June 12, 1987 “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” Reagan knew Gorbachev needed economic help but he tried to force the Soviet Union to make concessions for that help. Ron Reagan in Berlin

Collapse of Soviet Union New Soviet leader Gorbachev stopped holding onto Eastern Europe by force-- and that started a chain reaction.

A Kind of Reverse Domino Theory Soviet Empire fell apart quickly once Gorbachev allowed freedom.

Destruction of Berlin Wall On 11/09/89 crowds climbed the Berlin Wall and tore it down. When Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops did not stop them, many felt the Cold War was finally over.

The Revolt Spread to Soviet Union What is the sinking ship? What are the life boats leaving the sinking ship?

The End 1. Who is the man with the hammer & sickle? 2. Who are the 2 men beneath him? 3. What scene are they watching below?

What are 2 classes that exist according to the Communist Manifesto? What 2 departments merged to form the Department of Defense in 1947? What are 3 effects of foreign policy? What are 2 pro’s of the draft? What are 2 con’s of the draft?

What are 3 parts to the C.I.A.’s information gathering process? What are 3 stated purposes of the United Nations? Name 5 permanent members of the United Nations. What are 4 ways the Economic and Social Council helps other nations? Name 3 “types” of nations entrusted to the United Nations Trusteeship Council.