Chapter 28 THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

The Division of Europe 1945: Russians occupied eastern Europe, American troops occupied western Europe U.S. demanded free elections throughout Europe Stalin converted eastern Europe into a system of satellite nations 3 3

Europe after World War II

Nuclear Arms Race 1946: Baruch Plan Rapid reduction of U.S. military force Gradual reduction favored U.S. atomic monopoly 5 5

Portable Nuclear Shelter US Patent Issued In 1986 You say you need significant life saving protection from airborne radioactive fallout?  Is the cost of construction and maintenance keeping you from enjoying the comforts of a permanent nuclear fallout shelter?  Now your worries are over!  When the Big 'A' hits, simply dig a hole in the ground and erect this portable nuclear fallout shelter. It's equipped with a built-in water supply and an air filtration system which is activated by flapping the sides of the tent.  Patented in 1986 so that you too can be gamma safe and penny wise.

Containment 1947: George C. Marshall made Secretary of State George Kennan: Called for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies” 6 6

The Truman Doctrine 1947: Truman sought funds to keep Greece, Turkey in Western sphere of influence Truman Doctrine: “Support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure” 7 7

The Marshall Plan 1947: George Marshall proposed aid for rebuilding European industries Plan fostered western European prosperity 8 8

Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 1948–1952

NATO 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military alliance included U.S., Canada, most of western Europe U.S. troops stationed in Europe 9 9

Partition of Germany

The Berlin Blockade June, 1948: Russians blockaded Berlin Truman ordered airlift to supply the city 1949: Russians ended blockade 10 10

1947: National Security Act Department of Defense unified armed forces Central Intelligence Agency coordinated intelligence-gathering National Security Council advised president 12 12

The Korean War June 25, 1950: Communist North Korean forces invaded U.S.-influenced South Korea Truman made South Korea’s defense a U.N. effort, sent in U.S. troops U.S. routed Korean forces in South Attempt to unify Korea drew in China U.S. pushed back to South, war ended in stalemate 14 14

The Korean War, 1950–1953

Truman Reelected 1948 election: Truman thought unelectable But, Roosevelt coalition reelected Truman on domestic issues 17 17

The Loyalty Issue House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Communist subversion in government Alger Hiss case The Rosenbergs were executed for passing American atomic secrets to the Soviet Union 18 18

McCarthyism in Action 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy launched anticommunist campaign Claimed to have list of known communists working in government 1954: Attack on Army discredited McCarthy who was then censured 19 19

The Election of 1952

Eisenhower Doctrine Republican replaces Truman after 2 terms in White House Cold War expands to Middle East United States backs new nation of Israel USSR backs opposition groups Eisenhower creates his own doctrine: United States would use force to guard any country in Middle East requesting aid against Communist threats

Entanglement in Indochina Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh prompted intervention to prevent election Vietnam divided, election postponed South Vietnam under U.S. puppet regime 22 22

Turmoil in the Middle East 1956: Nasser nationalized Suez Canal France, England invaded Egypt Eisenhower won Middle East trust by pressuring English, French withdrawal 24 24

In the Skies Soviets display superior abilities in technology Soviets create ICBMs to launch intercontinental missiles Launch Sputnik in 1957 First artificial satellite to orbit Earth U-2 Incident U.S. believes spy planes fly at altitude beyond attacking height Soviets shoot down plane 15 miles in air

The Continuing Cold War January, 1961: Eisenhower warned against growing military-industrial complex Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace and tranquility 27 27