Chapter 11 The images on this CD have been lifted directly, without change or modification, from textbooks and image libraries owned by the publisher, especially from publications intended for college majors in the discipline. Consequently, they are often more richly labeled than required for our purposes. Further, dates for geological intervals may vary between images, and between images and the textbook. Such dates are regularly revised as better corroborated times are established. Your best source for current geological times is a current edition of the textbook, whose dates should be used when differences arise.

Male guppies, friends and foes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Male guppies, friends and foes Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) occupy pools separated by waterfalls. In pools where predators, such as the pike cichlid (Crenicichla altra), are present, males are drab. Where predators are absent, male guppies are brightly colored and attract females.

Male guppies, evolution of color varieties Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Male guppies, evolution of color varieties After several generations, guppies raised in low- and high-predation environments evolve different features. As measured by the number of bright, conspicuous spots, males become more brightly colored (low predation) or drab (high predation).

Schistosomiasis, life cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Schistosomiasis, life cycle In blood vessels of the human gut, adult worms mate and release eggs that reach the interior of the gut and are shed with the feces. Larvae hatch in water and enter their second host, a snail, in a form known as the mother sporocyst. Eventually the larvae within leave the snail and enter the water. The larvae pierce the skin of humans walking bare-foot in the water, usually tending agricultural fields. These larvae mature into adults again becoming lodged in the blood vessels of the gut to complete the cycle.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Table 11.1 Lizards

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Table 11.2 Guppies

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Table 11.3 Rock Pipit

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Table 11.4 Swifts

FIGURE 11.3 Energy Budgets, Beans Free of and under Beetle Attack Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display FIGURE 11.3 Energy Budgets, Beans Free of and under Beetle Attack Life history strategies evolve under different environmental demands. This can be diagrammatically represented with alternative energy budget allocations. The size of the arrow represents the size of the energy investment. (a) Free of beetle attack, beans allocate more to Toxins and Growth than to Reproduction. (b) Under beetle attack, beans evolved a strategy of increased Reproduction, overwhelming beetles with a large output of seeds, but at the expense of Toxin production and vegetative Growth.