The First People of North America 10,000 B.C. – A.D. 1500 Humans develop civilizations across the continent, including what is now Georgia. Artist’s rendering of Paleo-Indian artifacts, about 10,000 B.C.–8,000 B.C. NEXT

The First People of North America 10,000 B.C. – A.D. 1500 SECTION 1 The First People in America SECTION 2 The Development of the Mississippian Culture SECTION 3 Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole These are my notes for slide 2 NEXT

The First People in America Section 1 The First People in America Ancient peoples come from Asia to the Americas and over time develop complex civilizations. NEXT

The First People in America SECTION 1 The First People in America Prehistoric Cultures Studying the Past • Archaeologists are scientists who study artifacts • Artifacts—objects from past that shed light on prehistoric cultures • Prehistoric—time before written history • Culture—shared ways of daily life: arts, beliefs, customs • Scientists disagree on dates of prehistoric cultures • Agree on order of cultures and their characteristics Image Continued . . . NEXT

Archaeological Areas in Georgia SECTION 1 continued Prehistoric Cultures Archaeological Areas in Georgia • Three archaeological areas in Georgia help us study early cultures: • Ocmulgee National Monument at Macon • Etowah Mounds Archaeological Area at Cartersville • Kolomoki State Park near Blakely NEXT

The Paleo-Indian Period SECTION 1 The Paleo-Indian Period Earliest Humans in North America • Paleo-Indian period 10,000 years ago, Ice Age glaciers melting • Paleo-Indians adapt to cooler, wetter climates • Used spears to hunt big game: woolly mammoths, bison, moose • Lead nomadic lives—moving from place to place to hunt • Big game becomes extinct; Paleo-Indian way of life ends • No settlements found in Georgia, but “Clovis” spear point found NEXT

The Archaic Period Georgia’s First Culture SECTION 1 The Archaic Period Georgia’s First Culture • 8000 B.C. forests replace open land of Ice Ages, big game disappears • Archaic Indians descend from Paleo-Indians • In eastern U.S. 8000 B.C.–1000 B.C.; perhaps Georgia’s first culture - improve hunting, gathering techniques; grow some crops - live in pithouses, rock shelters; build villages, trade - did not have bows, arrows, farming, well- developed pottery NEXT

The Woodland Period Early Agriculture Hunting Settlements SECTION 1 The Woodland Period Early Agriculture • Woodland Indians—1000 B.C.–800 A.D., following Archaic Period • Develop farming, clear fields, plant crops; store excess food Hunting • Develop bows and arrows, single hunter can now hunt deer Settlements • Villages along stream valleys; protective walls around villages Continued . . . NEXT

Mounds • Burial sites in shape of objects, animals; artifacts SECTION 1 continued The Woodland Period Mounds • Burial sites in shape of objects, animals; artifacts buried with dead • 1500s—Woodland Indians, Mississippians first to greet explorers NEXT

The Development of the Mississippian Culture Section 2 The Development of the Mississippian Culture At the time of Europeans’ arrival, complex cultures occupied the land that became the United States. NEXT

The Development of the Mississippian Culture SECTION 2 The Development of the Mississippian Culture Improved Agriculture Mississippian Culture • Mississippian culture begins along Mississippi, Ohio River valleys - stretches from Georgia north to Minnesota; west into Great Plains - many sites along Georgia rivers • Fertile river soil allows new crops of corn and beans from Mexico • Corn, squash, beans main staples - beans provide protein without hunting animals; feed more longer Map NEXT

A More Complex Culture Civilizations Develop SECTION 2 A More Complex Culture Civilizations Develop • Missisippians develop 5 characteristics of civilization: - cities as trade centers - specialized jobs - organized government, religion - record keeping - advanced tools Continued . . . NEXT

Temple Mounds • Missisippian culture has true towns—social, SECTION 2 continued A More Complex Culture Temple Mounds • Missisippian culture has true towns—social, political, economic hubs • Towns have 1–20 flat-topped temple mounds - earthen, with ramps leading up one side - ceremonial structures, public buildings built on top • Mississippian structures, crops similar to those in Mexico, Guatemala - indicates contact with Mexican and Guatemalan cultures Continued . . . NEXT

Mississippian Societies SECTION 2 continued A More Complex Culture Mississippian Societies • Divided into social hierarchies, or levels of importance - heredity and bravery in war may increase • Used war to gain, defend territory • Artifacts: stone axes, bowls, pipes; pottery shows Mexican influence • Common designs: sunburst, weeping eye, arrows, cross, eye in hand - designs are records of Mississippian beliefs, practices NEXT

The End of the Mississippian Culture SECTION 2 The End of the Mississippian Culture Sites Abandoned • Europeans meet Mississippians upon landing in North America • Entire towns abandoned as early as 1540; several theories why: - overcrowding, disease - rulers lost power, tightly organized societies unraveled • Anthropologists study humans via culture, environment, human remains - human bones at Mississippian sites suggest tuberculosis, parasites NEXT

Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole Section 3 Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole The Creek culture is the dominant culture when Europeans arrive in what is now Georgia. NEXT

Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole SECTION 3 Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole From Mississippian to Creek Creek Ancestry • “Five Civilized Tribes” descend from Mississippian Culture: • Creek, Cherokee, Seminole, Choctaw, Chickasaw • A.D. 100–1000 Creek migrate from Mississippi Valley to Chattahoochee • Most Georgia groups from same culture, speak Muskhogean • Mississippian chiefdoms band together to form a confederacy • Creek Confederacy—Southeast’s largest group; occupy most of Georgia NEXT

Creek Culture Creek Towns SECTION 3 Creek Culture Creek Towns • 7,000–8,000 Creek in 50–80 towns; divided into Upper, Lower Creek - twice as many Upper Creek as Lower Creek • “Creek” is English name for group on Ochese Creek (Ocmulgee River) • Town centers used for political, ceremonial functions • Chakofa community houses contain ceremonial fires - Creek leaders meet here in cold months Map Continued . . . NEXT

Creek Towns • Most Creek live in large family compounds SECTION 3 continued Creek Culture Creek Towns • Most Creek live in large family compounds - near town center or along waterways - have clusters of gardens, fields, buildings • Compounds owned by family, including all members of a clan • Clan—group of people with common ancestor • Creek are matrilineal—ancestry traced through mother’s family Continued . . . NEXT

Creek Government Creek Religion SECTION 3 continued Creek Culture Creek Government • Creek towns are groups of farming communities • Chief governs; position usually inherited, always from specific clan • Group of town council elders advise chief Creek Religion • Green Corn ceremony is most significant festival - thanks for new crop; celebration of town history, light council fire • Fire, corn symbols of life, health, happiness, friendship, kinship NEXT

The Cherokee Cherokee Culture Maintaining Balance SECTION 3 The Cherokee Cherokee Culture • Cherokee migrate to Georgia from North Carolina in 1700s • Similar to Creek culture: matrilineal, Green Corn ceremony, towns Maintaining Balance • Believe world must remain in balance, otherwise disasters occur • Green Corn rituals focus on harmony, order, cleansing - broken items discarded, unhappy marriages dissolved, wrongs forgiven • Women farm, make goods; men hunt; deer most important game Image Continued . . . NEXT

Cherokee Government • Differs from Creek; no chiefs, national council SECTION 3 continued The Cherokee Cherokee Government • Differs from Creek; no chiefs, national council until 1700s • Town council meetings run democratically - people debate issues, reach agreement - women, men both have say • War most important issue debated - wage war only to pay back enemies, not for land NEXT

The Seminole Seminole Culture SECTION 3 The Seminole Seminole Culture • Another descendent of Mississippian culture • Most live in what is now Florida, some in Georgia • Seminole culture similar to Creek, speak Muskhogean language • Europeans called them Seminole—from native word for “free people” NEXT

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