Fig. 6. Characterization of the VvgGT protein product (p-hydroxybenzoyl-glucose) with p-hydroxybenzoic acid as substrate. (A) Chromatogram at 280 nm of.

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Fig. 6. Characterization of the VvgGT protein product (p-hydroxybenzoyl-glucose) with p-hydroxybenzoic acid as substrate. (A) Chromatogram at 280 nm of the reaction medium after 10 min of incubation at pH 6.5 of VvgGT3 with UDP-Glc and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Mass spectrum (B) and MS2 spectrum (C) of p-hydroxybenzoyl-glucose (Rt=17.2 min). Molecular ion [M-H]<sup>–</sup> at m/z=299, and major fragments corresponding to the aglycone (–162; m/z=137) and to degradation of the glucose group (–60: m/z=239; –120: m/z=179). From: Identification and functional characterization of cDNAs coding for hydroxybenzoate/hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferases co-expressed with genes related to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis J Exp Bot. 2011;63(3):1201-1214. doi:10.1093/jxb/err340 J Exp Bot | © 2011 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 5. Effect of pH on in vitro activity of the three VvgGTs with gallic acid as substrate. VvgGT1, dashed line and triangles; VvgGT2, continuous line and circles; VvgGT3, dotted line and squares. Each point represents the mean of three assays ± standard deviation. Reaction product is mostly produced between pH 5.5 and 6.5. From: Identification and functional characterization of cDNAs coding for hydroxybenzoate/hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferases co-expressed with genes related to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis J Exp Bot. 2011;63(3):1201-1214. doi:10.1093/jxb/err340 J Exp Bot | © 2011 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 4. Substrate specificity of the three recombinant VvgGTs tested in vitro at pH 6.5. (A) VvgGT1; (B) VvgGT2; and (C) VvgGT3. Each bar represents the mean of three assays ± standard deviation. Asterisks indicate values not significantly different from zero (P=0.05). From: Identification and functional characterization of cDNAs coding for hydroxybenzoate/hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferases co-expressed with genes related to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis J Exp Bot. 2011;63(3):1201-1214. doi:10.1093/jxb/err340 J Exp Bot | © 2011 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 3. Chemical structures of some substrates and products of VvgGTs Fig. 3. Chemical structures of some substrates and products of VvgGTs. VvgGTs converts (A) hydroxybenzoic acids, (B) hydroxycinnamic acids to the corresponding Glc esters, using UDP-activated Glc. From: Identification and functional characterization of cDNAs coding for hydroxybenzoate/hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferases co-expressed with genes related to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis J Exp Bot. 2011;63(3):1201-1214. doi:10.1093/jxb/err340 J Exp Bot | © 2011 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 2. Quantitative real-time PCR expression, normalized with the expression of EF1α, of VvgGT1 (1), VvgGT2 (2), VvgGT3 (3) during berry pericarp development (1A, 2A, 3A) and at three development stages in different grape berry tissues (1B, 2B, 3B). Véraison (V) is marked with arrows. All data are means of three replicates, with error bar indicating SD. From: Identification and functional characterization of cDNAs coding for hydroxybenzoate/hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferases co-expressed with genes related to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis J Exp Bot. 2011;63(3):1201-1214. doi:10.1093/jxb/err340 J Exp Bot | © 2011 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationship of three VvgGTs cloned from Vitis vinifera with 19 other functionally characterized glucosyltransferases from several other plant species (MtUGT72L1 (ACC38470) in Pang et al. (2008), VlRSgt (ABH03018) in Hall and De Luca (2007), LGTase (Q9MB73) in Kita et al. (2000), FaGT2 (AAU09443) in Lukenbein et al. (2006), VvUFGT (AAB81682) in Ford et al. (1998), AtUGT84A1 (Z97339), AtUGT75B2 (AC005106), AtUGT75B1 (AC005106), AtUGT74F1 (AC002333), AtUGT74F2 (AC002333), AtUGT78D2 (AL391141), AtUGT71C1 (AC005496), AtUGT71C4 (AC067971), AtUGT71B1 (AB025634), AtUGT72B1 (AC067971), AtUGT73B3 (AL161584), AtUGT73B4 (AC006248), AtUGT89B1 (AC016662), and AtUGT89A2 (AL162751) in Lim et al. (2002), AtUGT72E2 (AB018119), AtUGT72E3 (AF077407), AtUGT84A2 (AB019232) and AtUGT84A3 (Z97339) in Lim et al. (2001), AtUGT72E1 (AL049862) in Lim et al. (2005), AtUGT76C1 (AB017060) in Hou et al. (2004). The dendrogram was created using the Neighbor–Joining method in the MEGA4 package. Lengths of lines indicate the relative distance between nodes. Asterisks indicate O-glucosylation activity of the enzyme despite being clustered with glucose-ester forming enzymes. From: Identification and functional characterization of cDNAs coding for hydroxybenzoate/hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferases co-expressed with genes related to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis J Exp Bot. 2011;63(3):1201-1214. doi:10.1093/jxb/err340 J Exp Bot | © 2011 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 7. Characterization of the VvgGT protein product (caffeoyl-glucose) with caffeic acid as substrate. (A) Chromatogram at 280 nm of the reaction medium after 10 min of incubation at pH 6.5 of VvgGT3 with UDP-Glc and caffeic acid. Mass spectrum (B) and MS2 spectrum (C) of caffeoyl-glucose (Rt=23.3 min). Molecular ion [M-H]<sup>–</sup> at m/z=341, and major fragments corresponding to the aglycone (–162; m/z=179) aglycone –H<sub>2</sub>O (–180; m/z=161) aglycone –carboxylic group (–206; m/z=135). From: Identification and functional characterization of cDNAs coding for hydroxybenzoate/hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferases co-expressed with genes related to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis J Exp Bot. 2011;63(3):1201-1214. doi:10.1093/jxb/err340 J Exp Bot | © 2011 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)