Phylogeny and Studying Biodiversity BIOL 104

Actually, you can spin around ANY NODE Concept of 4 kingdoms within Eukarya Spinning/switching these “terminal pairs” does NOT change the meaning of the diagram or the relationships For this to be correct. Protista needs to be monophyletic (meaning: derived from a single ancestor) Actually, you can spin around ANY NODE

Did King Phillip Come Over For Good salmon? Knowing the scientific names of organisms helps us when we are learning about them, or communicating with others; it’s a way to be sure of exactly what we are talking about, because common names often mean different things to different people. UNDERSTANDING the biological classification SYSTEM allows us to know something MORE about what we are studying. Think about a friend of yours: you know his name and some of his behaviors, but if you know his parents and cousins and grandparents, and if you know something about his ancestors, then you have a deeper understanding of him as an individual. This isnt exactly the same as the biological naming system,… I’m just using it as example… Most of the scientific names are Latin words; this can be challenging for us, but it enables us to know EXACTLY what someone else is referring to, even if they speak a different language than we do. So here is an easy way to remember the levels of the biological hierarchy *** DID..KING..PHILLIP…..This has helped me remember the levels for more than 20 years ***

Before we classify the Cone Nose bugs, lets look at the classification of an animal we are more familiar with; the LEOPARD In this example, we are starting with the level of KINGDOM. There is now one level higher than KINGDOM, which is called DOMAIN. This level did not exist before 1990, which may be why its not shown in this image. The classification system does change as new information and relationships are discovered;… its a work in progress, reflecting our evolving ability to understand the world around us. I will include domain on the next slide, when we classify the cone noses. A Leopard is in the ANIMAL kingdom--in Latin its called ANAMALIA–… its not a plant, its not a fungi, its an ANIMAL. Within the animal kingdom, the leopard is in the phylum CHORDATA, which generally means, the group of animals who have spinal cords. So its not a jellyfish, or a worm, or a clam, or an arthropod -- such as a spider or insect. Inside the CHORDATE phylum, the Leopard is in the CLASS- MAMMALIA, a word which we can recognize as a MAMMAL. This should sound familiar to you; we are in the same CLASS as the Leopard. Basically, we have hair, and mothers make milk,.. which separates MAMMALS from birds, fish and amphibians, who are also CHORDATES, but are in different CLASSES from the MAMMALS Moving down, the Leopard is in the Order CARNIVORA. We can recognize the word CARNIVORE there, and these are animals that have claws and sharp teeth, and who depend mostly- or completely- on eating meat. This is where we separate from the Leopard; we’re in a different Order which is called PRIMATES. We’re almost there: Leopards are in the family FELIDAE, separated from other carnivores such as dogs, skunks, bears and seals. We can recognize the word FELINE in the family name, and this family does include all the animals we know of as cats. One notable feature of FELINES is their protractable claws. In the Genus PANTHERA, we find 5 main species: the Tiger, Lion, Jaguar, Leopard and the snow leopard; the PANTHERA are separated from the other felines mainly by the shape of their skulls. Our friend the LEOPARD has the species name PARDUS. As you know, organisms are often referred to using only their genus and species names—in this case, PANTHERA PARDUS, ..or in our case, HOMO SAPIEN. Its also quite common to abbreviate by using only the first letter of the Genus, so, with the leopard, it would be P.Pardus. If you want to know the higher-level classifications, you might have to look them up.

Concept of 4 kingdoms within Eukarya For this to be correct. Protista needs to be monophyletic (meaning: derived from a single ancestor)

all species share a common ancestor and all species derived from that common ancestor are included. The group is a CLADE This is what we want all species share a common ancestor, but not all species derived from that common ancestor are included species that do not share an immediate common ancestor are lumped together

http://evopalaeo.blogspot.com/2012/04/tree-thinking-2.html Look here for an explanation of monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic

“REPTILES” A paraphyletic grouping is one in which all species share a common ancestor, but not all species derived from that common ancestor are included (for example, grouping turtles, lizards and crocodiles as "reptiles" and separating that grouping from the birds). ANOTHER EXPLANATION: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/zoology/cladogram/index.mhtml

would be a polyphyletic group This means that endothermy evolved independently —perhaps around HERE. So, mammals and birds do NOT have a common ancestor that was endothermic. “Warm-blooded” (endotherms) would be a polyphyletic group

Is “animals with wings” a true clade (monophyletic?) NO ! This is an example of how scientists might have grouped organisms together because they APPEARED to have a common trait…but as science progressed, we have discovered more about evolutionary relationships.

all species share a common ancestor and all species derived from that common ancestor are included. The group is a CLADE This is what we want all species share a common ancestor, but not all species derived from that common ancestor are included species that do not share an immediate common ancestor are lumped together

Concept of 4 kingdoms within Eukarya For this to be correct. Protista needs to be monophyletic (meaning: derived from a single ancestor)

Other groups of protists belong here

MONOphyletic (True CLADE) MONOphyletic PARAphyletic (True CLADE)

Other groups of protists belong here

Pogona vitticeps (Bearded Dragon)

Do the lab……

Wait for it…..