Accuracy & Precision Precision how close the numbers are together. Accuracy-How close the numbers are to the right number.

Nature of Science Is unable to prove that a hypothesis is right Is able to prove a hypothesis is wrong.

Frontier Science (ground breaking) Produces new ideas which have had less scrutiny.

System An area where there are interactions either chemical or biological. Closed systems-no outside variables effect it Few Extraneous variables In -vitro- Open system-exposed to the out side. Lots of extraneous variables

A mental model A simplified way of describing interactions. Tend to use parsimony-the simplest answer is the best Used to predict events. Used to predict behavior. Problems occur when too many interactions to few observations Based on assumptions Experimental results are slow to be acquired

Mathematical models Use equations to predict events. Ex a=9.8m/s2 E=MC2

System models Sources-where something is stored before it enters the system-ex a battery Inputs-matter or energy entering the system. Throughputs-energy or matter flowing through the system. Outputs-energy or matter flowing from the system. Sink- stored energy or matter at the end of a system. Sinks may become sources.

Feed back Loop Where one change leads to another which effects the first. Positive-where one change leads to an increase in the system. Ex humans more births=more people=more births. Industrialization Green house effect

Negative Feedback Where an increase in the system causes a decrease in the system. EX hunger=eating=less hunger

Energy

Heat can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation. Temperature reflects the average speed of motion of atoms, ions, and molecules in a given sample of matter

Convection The energy transfer caused by the movement of particles. Heat rises Ex the smoke from a chimney

Conduction The heat generated between a liquid or solid substances when in contact. Ex licking a flagpole in winter Energy given off to the ground or the heat given off from your inside walls to your outside walls.

radiation Fast-moving particles (particulate radiation) or waves of energy Occurs in air We are radiating this room with heat and radiation

Energy quality is a measure of the ability of a source of energy to do useful work.

High–quality energy is much more concentrated and efficient than low–quality energy.

Two major types of energy are potential energy and kinetic energy.

One form of energy can be changed to another. Ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation are forms of electromagnetic radiation Ionizing radiation has enough energy to turn neutral atoms into ions.

Energy Efficiency A measure of the amount of energy that is actually used. Not wasted Living organisms are less than 10% efficient Machines are around 15% efficient.

2nd law of Thermo Entropy Energy goes from high quality to low-less usable

Energy Pathways Transfer of energy from source to another Each step energy decreases The type of energy changes Ex sun ---------growing tree-----------We eat the apples----plant a new tree Solar energy-Chemical energy- Chemical- Mechanical energy Waste Waste Waste Waste

Low throughput economy Low waste Recycling energy Reduce energy use Insulate houses More efficient cars Using low waste heating sources

The Natural Cycle 34% of sunlight is reflected into space by the ozone 66% is radiated back as heat Less then .23% is used for photosynthesis .

Ecology The study of where organisms live and how they live Interactions between animals. Trophic levels-

Predator Prey Producers- -Autotrophs Most common Generally green-chloroplasts' Photosynthesizers 90% of all life Bio mass-90%

1st order Consumers Heterotrophic Less than 10 % of all life Eat others Less than 10 % of all life Consume only producers Herbivores 90% of energy from plants is wasted

2nd order Consumers Eat 1st order consumers Less than 1% of all consumers are 2nd order. Predators /Carnivores /Parasites 90% of the energy in the 1s order consumers is wasted. Only 1% of the energy from plants is received.

Higher Order Consumers Are not common above 3rd order consumers. Requires a whole lot of energy along the way. Most Ecosystems don’t have enough energy to sustain them.

In reality, most ecosystem have organisms that exist at multiple different trophic levels.

Decomposers Recycle energy Very common Make environments more efficient. A type of decomposer is a scavanger