The 4 major branches of Earth Science are: Geology Astronomy Meteorology Oceanography http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/578250383227355138/230/230/thumbnail&imgrefurl=http://www.thinglink.com/scene/578995965889871872&h=230&w=230&tbnid=IICzDLTu183xrM:&docid=9ilMJL-th7CDEM&itg=1&ei=H4PvVZz-NJfWoATMt7m4BA&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CEEQMygeMB5qFQoTCNyJtNTe6McCFRcriAodzFsORw

1. Geology study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth and its processes that shape it. includes things like volcanic eruption and earthquake predictions. study of Earth’s surface helps to map other planets. Geologists also study the interior of Earth. http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://moodle2.cvuhs.org/pluginfile.php/27824/course/section/6900/Geology.jpg&imgrefurl=http://moodle2.cvuhs.org/course/view.php?id%3D453&h=1080&w=1920&tbnid=WUIXFlNvsGisUM:&docid=zpE5KdiCKFQGbM&ei=nIPvVcizFsiioQTegJqACg&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CDEQMygAMABqFQoTCMjx4o_f6McCFUhRiAodXoAGoA

2. Astronomy This is the study of the universe beyond Earth which include: Planets Moons Stars Other space objects (e.g.. Comets) Some of the tools used to investigate these objects include lunar explorers, space probes, satellites, and telescopes.

3. Meteorology The study of the atmosphere and weather that it creates. Areas linked to this are climate change and environmental impacts due to pollution. Study & tracking of recent storms and their severity are examples of what a Meteorologist may do. http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://gollnerisnasj.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/4/6/13468147/3041270_orig.jpg&imgrefurl=http://gollnerisnasj.weebly.com/meteorology.html&h=295&w=500&tbnid=eoX1cIVuBNwPRM:&docid=GK4HErELMwqcvM&ei=GYTvVe6SBcqrogTR5ayQCg&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CDMQMygDMANqFQoTCK6Dn8vf6McCFcqViAod0TILog http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://resources3.news.com.au/images/2012/11/05/1226510/712283-bom-calendar.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/travel/gallery-fn2wzmrb-1226510726719?page%3D12&h=433&w=650&tbnid=nrYXBtFzJxl-2M:&docid=T9veP9lvoULoyM&ei=GYTvVe6SBcqrogTR5ayQCg&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CDQQMygEMARqFQoTCK6Dn8vf6McCFcqViAod0TILog

4. Oceanography Oceanographers study: the ocean, ocean floor, icebergs and currents in the ocean. marine life and the impact of climate change on these species. the effects of underwater earthquakes and develop warning systems for coastal regions. http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://iecblogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/oceanography1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://iecblogs.org/career-guide/career-in-oceanography&h=289&w=472&tbnid=Vuib8f3yV3ZmnM:&docid=CHThB2NVaZbisM&ei=k4TvVcjpE5fYoAStrY-gAg&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CDUQMygFMAVqFQoTCIj_w4Xg6McCFRcsiAodrdYDJA http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ppdentistry.com/images/uploads/iceberg.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ppdentistry.com/dental-management/article/is-style-the-tip-of-the-iceberg&h=1778&w=3706&tbnid=3C8ORbR1FEZzWM:&docid=c4i-DWvBoKgH7M&ei=6oTvVa37BILRoATE67uICQ&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CDUQMygFMAVqFQoTCK2Y867g6McCFYIoiAodxPUOkQ

Why Earth Science? Video https://youtu.be/jxbIJH4fTYo Supplementary website http://www.ck12.org/user%3AamVubmlmZXIuYXJ0aWJpc2VAZ21haWwuY29t/book/Earth-Science-11-Artibise/r10/section/1.0/Branches-of-Earth-Science/

Assignment Read pages 4-7 Complete questions 1,2,4,5 http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://mariashriver.com/wp-content/uploads/drupal/Iceberg-1024x767.jpg%253F5ab626&imgrefurl=http://mariashriver.com/blog/2013/01/getting-to-the-bottom-of-lifes-iceberg-penny-hoff/&h=767&w=1024&tbnid=qkBxdlw0HB6aHM:&docid=jHis2LHDATORUM&ei=6oTvVa37BILRoATE67uICQ&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CDEQMygBMAFqFQoTCK2Y867g6McCFYIoiAodxPUOkQ

The Origin of Earth The origin of Earth is a difficult question to answer. One method used to explain this is called a hypothesis which is an informed guess. Information that should be considered for a hypothesis regarding the origin of Earth include: All planets revolve around the sun in the same direction. The paths or orbits are nearly circular. Most of the planets move on the same plane. The axis that the sun turns on is similar to plane of the planets. Most of the planets rotate the same direction as the sun. Seven of the planets have moons that rotate the same direction that the planets revolve around the sun.

The Protoplanet Hypothesis A great cloud of gas rotated slowly in space. Most of the material gathered into the center as the cloud shrank. As the cloud shrank, it rotated faster and compressed the material into a star(sun). Eddies formed causing condensed masses called Protoplanets which became planets over time. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhy1fucSRQI

Origins of the Oceans As the Protoplanet became hotter, it melted the iron which formed the core of Earth. As the melted iron sank, it partially melted other materials which separated into different layers. Water and gases were released and formed the oceans.

Origin of the Atmosphere All life needs free oxygen, which is oxygen that is not combined to any other elements. The breakup of water molecules provided the needed free oxygen. This allowed the emergence of simple green plants which then created more oxygen through photosynthesis.

Structure of the Solid Earth

How The Continents Formed One hypothesis indicates that as iron and nickel melted, it forced lighter material to the surface and created a supercontinent. Another hypothesis suggests that the land masses were created by great lava flows and volcanic eruptions.

Vocabulary Astronomy: Crust: Geology: Hypothesis: Inner Core: Mantle: Meteorology: Oceanography: Outer Core: Photosynthesis: Protoplanet: Protoplanet Hypothesis:

Assignment Intro to Earth Science and Chapter 1 Questions handout Read pages 8-12, complete section 1.2 Review (pg 12)

Monday Sept. 14, 2015 Go over “Earth Science Introduction and Chapter 1” questions How does Earth Science affect us? Earth’s Rotation and Revolution (rvw Ch 4) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaG70cJ8vDE Time to work on textbook section review 1.2 (on page 12) Read chapter 5.1 – matter and atoms (Sc10 rvw) Coming up… Rocks and Minerals!

Earth Science Intro and Ch. 1 Questions 1) Geology – the study of earth’s surface and interior Astronomy – the study of the universe Meteorology – the study of the Earth’s Atmosphere Oceanography – the study of the oceans

2) Define &Describe geology & geologists Geologists are scientists who study the origin, history, and structure of Earth and the processes that shape its surface. They explore the Earth’s crust to locate and identify new sources of oil, uranium, and geothermal power. They search for deposits of important metallic and nonmetallic minerals. They help plan water supply systems for towns and cities. They do researching and preparation for natural disasters (flooding, earthquakes, volcanoes. They make topographic maps showing details of the Earth’s surface and geological maps to show Earth’s rock structure. Using the observations made by space crafts, they can make maps of the moon and nearer planets.

3) How do astronomers obtain their info 3) How do astronomers obtain their info. and what materials do they study? They use telescopes, satellites, lunar explorers and space probes. They study radiations sent out by objects in space and learn about the stars and planets from these radiations. They study the planets and their moons, comets, life-cycles of stars, whether life exists on other planets or anywhere else in the universe.

4) Describe the work and activities of meteorologists and oceanographers. weatherman/woman, but there are many others who study effects of solar energy in changing the weather, air pollution, changes in climate or long term weather, and research hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and long-range forecasting. Oceanographers work from special research ships to measure ocean depths and map the ocean floor. They drill into the ocean floor to study its rocks and its history. They locate deposits of valuable minerals. They track and map ocean currents, chart movements of icebergs that break off from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica. They study the plant and animal life of the deep sea and surface waters. They research the effects of the ocean on weather and climate By studying the great ocean waves and undersea earthquakes they are able to develop warning systems for threatened coastal regions.

5) Define hypothesis and list some facts that a hypothesis of the origin of a solar system must explain. an informed guess that tries to explain how or why an event occurs. Every hypothesis around the origin of the solar system has to consider the following: 1. All planets move around the sun (revolve) in the same direction 2. The paths, or orbits, of the planets around the sun are all nearly circular 3. Most of the orbits are in nearly the same flat surface (plane) 4. The sun turns on its axis (rotates) in almost the same plane as the planets and in the same direction that the planets revolve 5. Most of the planets rotate in the same direction as the sun and, 6. Seven of the nine planets have moons. Most of the moons revolve around the planets in the same direction that the planets revolve around the sun.

6) Describe the origin of the solar system according to the protoplanet hypothesis. about 5 bya, a great cloud of gas and dust rotated slowly in space. The cloud was at least 10 billion kilometres in diameter. As time passed, the cloud shrank under the pull of its own gravitation or was made to collapse by the explosion of a passing star. Most of the cloud’s material gathered around its own center. Its shrinking made it rotate faster, like a spinning whirlpool. The compression of its material made its interior so hot that a powerful reaction, hydrogen fusion, began and the core of the cloud blazed into a newborn sun. About 10 percent of the material in the cloud formed a great plate-like disk surrounding the sun far into space. Friction within the disk caused most of its mass to collect in a number of huge whirlpools or eddies. These eddies shrank into more compact masses called protoplanets and later formed plantets and moons. Some uncollected material remains even today as comets, meteoroids, and asteroids.

7) Discuss the origin and characteristics of Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, internal structure, and continents, and describe Earth’s internal structure Oceans: As the protoplanet changed to the planet Earth, it grew hotter. There were three sources of heat: compression, radioactive minerals, and bombardment by showers of meteorites. Radioactive minerals are natural sources of energy, much of which becomes heat energy. Meteorites produce heat both by friction and by impact. When Earth became hot enough, the common element iron melted. The molten iron sank toward the center of Earth, forming a dense core. As the molten iron sank, it partially melted other earth materials that it touched. Water and gases that had been trapped in those materials were released. The molten earth materials separated into layers. As the materials separated, the steam and gases that they had held escaped to the surface in volcanic eruptions. The steam that escaped condensed into water that slowly accumulated as oceans.

7) Discuss the origin and characteristics of Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, internal structure, and continents, and describe Earth’s internal structure Atmosphere: 78% free nitrogen and 21 % free oxygen, remaining 1%=argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and trace amounts of other gases. Water vapor is in the atmosphere too, but the amount varies with weather and climate. The atmosphere has changed over time…original would have been (scientists hypothesize) from volcanoes (50% water vapor with large amounts of CO2 and sulfur gases) This mixture contained no free oxygen! Scientists believe the oxygen came from the breakup of water molecules by sunlight in the upper atmosphere and by photosynthesis. In photosynthesis more than half of the oxygen present in the carbon dioxide and water is not used. This excess oxygen is released into the atmosphere as free oxygen.

7) Discuss the origin and characteristics of Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, external structure, and continents, and describe Earth’s internal structure External Structure and Continents: One hypothesis suggests that when the melted iron and nickel sank into Earth’s core, it forced out enough light rock to form an immense single continent. Another suggestion is that the continents were formed by great lava flows from erupting volcanoes over hundreds of millions of years. In either case continents have changed! Mountains and seas form from shifting tectonic plates

7) Discuss the origin and characteristics of Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, external structure, and continents, and describe Earth’s internal structure Internal structure: The center is nearly 6400 km from the surface…most of the model is based on indirect evidence. At its center is a spherical inner core 1200 km in diameter. The inner core is made of solid iron and nickel. Surrounding the inner core is an outer core about 2250 km thick made of liquid iron and nickel. Then comes a 2900 km thick layer of heavy rocks rich in compound of iron, magnesium, and silicon-Mantle-reaches almost to the Earth’s surface. The mantle is covered by a lighter layer of rocks-Crust. The crust ranges in thickness from about 10 km below the ocean basins to about 65 km below the continents. Original earth was probably not like this. IF the protoplanet theory is correct it looked like the moon. The Earth developed its layers or core, mantle, and crust through temperature/heat. As the temperature of the newly formed Earth increased, large quantities of iron and nickel in its rocks melted. Great streams of these hot, heavy liquids flowed toward Earth’s center. On their way down they melted lighter rock materials and forced them up to the surface. At the surface the light rock became solid and formed Earth’s crust. The mantle formed between the crust and the core. The layers of the earth http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/earths-layers-lesson-1

How does Earth Science Affect Us? https://www.google.ca/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCL3J3Mfg8scCFQ8piAodc00P4w&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgraduate.carleton.ca%2Fprograms%2Fearth-science-masters%2F&psig=AFQjCNEc7jirGKpzN8zsdiIh_LqY2d0mYw&ust=1442190530306676

Geology If it can’t be farmed on land, or caught in the sea, it was probably mined. determines where oil, coal, and mineral deposits are located, can predict earthquakes, volcanic eruptions An incomplete list of petroleum products http://www.ranken-energy.com/products%20from%20petroleum.htm Careers: exploration or petroleum geologist, seismic interpreter, wellsite geologist For more information, visit: http://www.prospects.ac.uk/wellsite_geologist_job_description.htm http://www.prospects.ac.uk/wellsite_geologist_job_description.htm

Astronomy seeks to satisfy our curiosity… How was the universe created? X-rays, gas chromatographs (airports), iPhone cameras, MRI & CAT scan technology, remote sensing Careers: astronomers – median annual salary in 2012 was $96,460 For more information, visit: http://www.universetoday.com/106302/how-astronomy-benefits-society-and-humankind/ http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/2e.html

Meteorology it can help save lives Track severe storms, evacuate areas, doppler radar Redbull storm chase - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juIM8TdrTBw Careers: weatherman, develop radar or weather models https://www.google.ca/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCNDI35288scCFQJBiAodssUALg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F12%2F18%2Fmovies%2Fanchorman-2-starring-will-ferrell-and-steve-carell.html&psig=AFQjCNG0EjsXlCeQjKyTyOApgSgVsw0Nlg&ust=1442180787484323

Oceanography has saved the world Food products (icecream has algae), anti-cancer drugs, cold water detergent Careers: oceanogaphers– $48-125,000 For more information, visit: http://www.yearofscience2009.org/themes_ocean_water/2009/02/savedtheworld.html http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Oceanographer/Salary https://www.google.ca/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCJzG4Ke-8scCFUGciAodwXoIEA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.careeraddict.com%2F8536%2Fhow-to-become-an-oceanographer&psig=AFQjCNH7a63p1ljfLpDh7xWGpvSN6Pul7A&ust=1442181342151555

Monday Sept. 14, 2015 Earth’s Rotation and Revolution (rvw Ch 4) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaG70cJ8vDE Time to work on textbook section review 1.2 (on page 12) Read chapter 5.1 – matter and atoms (Sc10 rvw) Coming up… Atoms, Minerals, and Rocks!