Administration: Role-review assignments Introductions: What were your reactions to Candide? (A favorite character or part of the book? Something you didn’t like or that surprised you or confused you.) What is Voltaire satirizing? (War? Religion? The Nobility?) 10 min. What is optimism? What do you think the book has to say about it? In Eldorado “We must cultivate our garden.”

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Evidence Page # Analysis War Nationalism The Individual and the State Freedom and Equality

What does optimism have to do with any of this? What is optimism anyway?

What about El Dorado. Are people there free What about El Dorado? Are people there free? Can the state infringe on their individual freedoms? What are they free to do? How do individuals participate in the state? Are they equal? Are they warlike? What is their idea of group identity? Are they a nation?

Evidence Page # Analysis All men are free. Leave whenever you please, though you will have some difficulty in getting out . . . However, since you are absolutely set on leaving, I shall give orders to my engineers to make a machine that will transport you across to safety. When you have been conveyed to the other side of the mountains, no one may accompany you further; for my subjects have vowed never to set foot beyond our borders, and they are too wise to break their oath. 49-50

Sometimes Pangloss would say to Candide: “All events form a chain in this, the best of all possible worlds. After all, had you not been expelled from a beautiful castle with great kicks in the behind for the love of Mademoiselle Cunegonde, and had you not been turned over to the Inquisition, and had you not roamed America on foot, and had you not run the Baron through with a fine thrust of your sword, and had you not lost all of your sheep from the good land of Eldorado, you would not be sitting here now, eating candied citron and pistachios.”—”That is well said,” replied Candide. “but we must cultivate our garden.” 93-94