Energy Budget

Standard and EQ Standard Essential Question SZ5. Students will evaluate the relationships between humans and other animals. How do organisms receive energy from other organisms?

I Will Be Able To… Describe how organisms coevolve. Explain why organisms use specific adaptations Demonstrate how organisms can occupy multiple trophic levels Explain how organisms receive and give off energy.

What is an energy budget? Ways Energy is Used/Lost An account of an animal’s total energy intake and how that energy is used and lost. Gross energy intake: total energy lost a excretory energy, plus energy assimilated for existence and productive functions. (In short: this is the TOTAL amount of energy obtained from an organism’s food) Excretory Energy Existence Energy Productive Energy

Excretory Energy Loss Energy that is lost due to excretion Excretion: waste removal. Ex: sweat, feces, etc.

Existence Energy Loss Energy required to support body maintenance and general activities: Pumping blood Exchanging gases Supporting repair processes

Productive Energy Loss Energy devoted to growth, mating, nesting, and caring for young. Uses the leftover energy from excretion and existence. Survival requires enough energy to perform these functions.

Trophic Structure

Trophic Structure Biomass Trophic Level Labels Total mass of all organisms in an ecosystem Producer/ Autotroph Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Quaternary Consumer Decomposer

Biomass Conversion Efficiency Efficiency of converting food into a new biomass by an animal depends on the type of food. Average efficiency of biomass conversion is 10% Efficiency ranges from <1% for some herbivores to 35% for some carnivores. Why?

Interspecific Interactions

Herbivory vs. Predation The process of an organism(s) feeing on plants. The process of an organism(s) feeding on other organisms. How does this relate to a food web?

Effects of Interspecific Competition Interspecific Competition: Competition of different species. This results in a few different options for one (or more) of the species: Relocation Coexistence Extinction

Coexistence Living peacefully in the same area as another other organism(s). Can occur under two conditions: Species utilize resources differently Effects of interspecific competition are less severe than the effects of intraspecific competition.

Coevolution Definition When does this occur? The evolution of ecologically related species such that each species exerts a strong selective influence on the other. Species are competing for the same resources Predator-prey interactions Ex: Flowers and Pollinators, Bird Beaks with Some Plants. (VC): Heather & Orange Breasted Sun Bird

Interspecific Adaptations Camouflage Cryptic Coloration Countershading Aposematic Coloration Mimicry

Types of Camouflage Camouflage: colors and patterns that enable the organism to blend into its environment or appear to be something it is not Cryptic Coloration: when an organism has the same color or pattern as its background Countershading: when an organism is two-toned. Light and dark colors reduce visual cues to predators Common in frog and toad eggs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgDE2DOICuc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=os6HD-sCRn8

Other Interspecific Adaptations Aposematic Coloration: Advertise that the animal is dangerous or distasteful by obvious coloration. Example: Skunk stripes Mimicry: one species evolves to resemble another species for protection or other advantages Example: King snake