Shit for the Future Sanitation in emergencies SanCop April 2014

Sticky Questions? Population without basic Sanitation 2.4 Billion (40%) WHO Solids produced per person per day O.4 L/p/d Urine p/d 1 .5 Litre

Average life span of a camp latrine Poo Facts Average life span of a camp latrine 3-6 months before desludging Average cost of 1 single latrine Labour / slab + superstructure Liberia £100, Dadaab £134 Dolo Ado Double Vault UD £300

Sanitation was the poor cousin Pre 1994 – Dome slabs, wooden slabs, san plat Small Monaflex plastic slab 1995 Oxford Emergency Sanitation Conference 1999 1st Oxfam 1.2 x 0.8m plastic slab 2000 Bio additive trials with Cranfield & LSTHM 2002 Oxford 2nd Sanitation meeting – additives don’t work

Sanitation is looking up 2009 Gates LSHTM Pit Latrine Bio – additives Project Black Fly Larvae, Tiger Worms , Bio Bomb 2011 Stoutenberg 1 – WASTE 2012 Stoutenberg II Dutch Government grant Emergencies Sanitation Project

Gap Analysis from Stoutenburg Meeting No toilet option – bio degradable plastic bags Squatting latrine slab (alternative to Nag Magic) Urine diversion latrine slab Sitting latrine slab Latrine slab for smaller people (children) Latrine slab for less abled people Latrine superstructure Raised latrine kit Latrine lining kits Desludging diaphragm pump Sludge collection, treatment & disposal

The story continues..Is Sanitation now No 1 (?) 2012 Speedkits Project 2012 Deft Sanitation conference 2012 1st Gates Reinvent the toilet challenge 2013 HIF Gap Analysis – excreta disposal is no 1 2014 2nd Reinvent the toilet forum in Delhi 2014 Design a Bog day 2014 HIF Challenges – Urban latrines 2014 Session on toilets at the global WASH cluster meeting

Problem Statement Floods / inundation of water High water tables Unstable soils Hard rock Small foot print Lack of space and access (latrines & emptying) Urban areas, which land owners prohibit digging of emergency trench / pit latrines Squatters / sitters Desludging Beyond containment, but also collection, treatment & disposal Anal cleansing (water, rocks, husks, tissue) Latrine being a dumping site for garbage/household waste Protection / security issues at night Excreta Disposal in difficult environments - Urban and no pit options

Urine diversion example from Haiti

UD in Dolo Ado, Ethiopia

Tiger Toilets Tiger worm (Eishenia. foetida) Eudrilus engeniae

Modified Biofil Adding coconut fibre Adding worms

Portable Toilet In Open Condition Cover “O” Ring to arrest smell Handle Outlet connection Latch Cap on outlet connection

Emergency latrine slabs – urine diversion Plastic ball to arrest smell Cleansing Bowl Urine Tray Top View (with cover closed) Top View (with cover open) Bottom View Supplier: Nag Magic

Emergency latrine slab catered for the smaller people….children Slab size of 1200 x 800 x 55 mm Slab size of 1200 x 800 x 55 mm Supplier: Nag Magic

Some examples from the field to combat latrine collapse

Sludge collection, treatment & disposal We can do better than this ……

New out of sight out of mind ideas Bio-additives India + Swiss Compact Treatment plants Loowatt Centrifugal Urine separator (not new) Poo Powder Bio fuel cells

Floating UD Latrine – Crazy or innovative

Any questions? Thank you!