Plasma nutrient status of patients with Alzheimer's disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis  Sofia Lopes da Silva, Bruno Vellas, Saskia Elemans, José Luchsinger, Patrick Kamphuis, Kristine Yaffe, John Sijben, Martine Groenendijk, Theo Stijnen  Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association  Volume 10, Issue 4, Pages 485-502 (July 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771 Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 The age-adjusted overall mean difference in plasma vitamin A (retinol) levels (μmol/L) between AD patients and controls was significant (P < .001) and approximately 20% of the absolute amount in the control subjects. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The age-adjusted overall mean difference in plasma folate levels (nmol/L) between AD patients and controls was significant (P < .001) and approximately 20% of the absolute amount in the control subjects. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 The age-adjusted overall mean difference in plasma vitamin B12 (cobalamin) levels (pmol/L) between AD patients and controls was significant (P < .001) and approximately 15% of the absolute amount in the control subjects. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 The age-adjusted overall mean difference in vitamin C (ascorbate) levels (μmol/L) between AD patients and controls was significant (P < .001) and approximately 30% of the absolute amount in the control subjects. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 A trend (P = .075) toward lower age-adjusted vitamin D (calcidiol) levels (ng/mL) in AD patients vs controls was observed. We verified that the two studies of Sato et al. [98,99] concerned different AD and control populations. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 The age-adjusted overall mean difference in α-tocopherol/vitamin E levels (μmol/L) between AD patients and controls was significant (P < .001) and approximately 20% of the absolute amount in the control subjects. Vitamin E levels were used uncorrected for cholesterol amounts. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 The age-adjusted overall mean difference in copper levels (μg/dL) between AD patients and controls was not significant. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 The age-adjusted overall mean difference in iron levels (μg/dL) between AD patients and controls was not significant. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 A trend (P = .050) toward lower age-adjusted zinc levels (μg/dL) in AD patients vs controls was observed. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions

For meta-analysis, a minimum of five publications was required [28,29]. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014 10, 485-502DOI: (10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771) Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer's Association Terms and Conditions