GRICE’S CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS GRICE AND BELL GRICE’S CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS

Maxim of Quality Try to make your contribution one that is true: Do not say what you believe to be false Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence

Maxim of Quantity Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange Do not make your contribution more informative than is required

Maxim of Relevance Make your contributions relevant

Maxim of Manner Be perspicuous, specifically: Avoid obscurity of expression Avoid ambiguity Be brief Be orderly

BELL’S AUDIENCE DESIGN GRICE AND BELL BELL’S AUDIENCE DESIGN

Distinguishes between several kinds of audience types based on three criteria from the perspective of the speaker: Known (where an addressee is known to be part of a speech context) Ratified (the speaker acknowledges the listener’s presence in the speech context) Addressed (the listener is directly spoken to) The impact of audience members of the speaker’s style shifting is proportional to the degree to which the speaker recognises and ratifies them.

Address: listeners who are known, ratified and addressed Auditor: listeners who are not directly addressed, but are known and ratified Overhearer: non-ratified listeners of whom the speaker is aware Eavesdropper: non-ratified listeners of whom the speaker is unaware Style shifting: when a speaker adjusts their speaking style to accommodate the listeners. This could involve the register of the speech ie colloquial/standard English/RP but could also refer to the topics covered and politeness markers Code switching: where the speaker changes languages