Habituation Loss of response to stimulus “cry-wolf” effect learn not to respond to repeated occurrences of stimulus Do you feel your own clothes? Do you hear the ventilation? “white noise”

Thinking & problem-solving Do other animals think? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIAoJsS9Ix8&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8L4KNrPEs0&NR=1 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1983648377172975677 problem-solving tool use crow

Do other animals think & plan?

Social behaviors Contests for resources develop as evolutionary adaptations agonistic behaviors threatening & submissive rituals symbolic, usually no harm done

Social behaviors Dominance hierarchy social ranking within a group pecking order

Social behaviors Altruistic behavior reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient kin selection Belding ground squirrel How can this be of adaptive value?

Social behaviors Territoriality nesting in birds

Territoriality

Mating & parental behavior Genetic influences changes in behavior in different stages of mating pair bonding competitor aggression Environmental influences modifies behavior quality of diet social interactions learning opportunities

Social interaction requires communication Pheromones chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals alarm pheromones sex pheromones

Pheromones Female mosquito use CO2 concentrations to locate victims ILLEGITEMATE SIGNALER! marking territory The luring function of sex pheromones is a perfect way for predators to get heir prey without having to work too hard. The spider Mastophora hutchinsoni spreads sex pheromones of moths, using them as allomones. This way he can lure about enough moths to sustain. When the moths fly in, convinced they are about to mate, the spider shoots a sticky ball on wire towards them. As they stick to the ball, he drags them in and eats them. Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey ILLEGITEMATE RECEIVER The female lion lures male by spreading sex pheromones, but also by posture & movements

Pheromones Human pheromones? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/quicktime/l_016_08.html

Honeybee communication Honey bee dance to communicate location of food source waggle dance tactile display (feel) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ijI-g4jHg

Auditory communication Bird song species identification & mating ritual mixed learned & innate critical learning period Insect song mating ritual & song innate, genetically controlled http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjLiWy2nT7U&NR=1 (Cicadas) Red-winged blackbird

Social behaviors Cooperation Pack of African dogs hunting wildebeest cooperatively White pelicans “herding” school of fish

Colonial mammals Naked mole rats underground colony, tunnels convergent evolution: bees, ants, termites… mole rats Naked mole rats underground colony, tunnels queen, breeding males, non-breeding workers hairless, blind “Picture a hot dog that's been left in a microwave a little too long, add some buck teeth at one end, and you've got a fairly good idea of what a Naked Mole Rat looks like.”

Any Questions?? 2006-2007