Key theories and theorists – Labelling: Howard Becker and Lemert RECAP Key theories and theorists – Labelling: Howard Becker and Lemert S___________ I____________: Mead, Weber, Blumer Goffman (influenced by Symbolic Interactionism Methodological approach- I_______________/phenomenological Keywords : observation, ethnography, focus group, values Sampling : S___________, theoretical. Structural approach = Top ____________ Key theories and theorists – Functionalism : Talcott Parsons Emile Durkheim __________ : Karl Marx Neo Marxism: The Frankfurt School (including theorists such as Althusser) Methodological approach = P_________ Keywords – Hypothetico deductive model, quantitative, objectivity, value freedom experiments, surveys. Sampling: Random/non random STRUCTURATION THEORY (GIDDENS) RECAP Social Action Approach = _________ up

Key theories and theorists – Labelling: Howard Becker and Lemert RECAP Key theories and theorists – Labelling: Howard Becker and Lemert Symbolic Interactionism: Mead, Weber, Blumer Goffman (influenced by Symbolic Interactionism Methodological approach- Interpretive /phenomenological Keywords : observation, ethnography, focus group, values Sampling : Snowball, theoretical. Structural approach = Top down Key theories and theorists – Functionalism : Talcott Parsons Emile Durkheim Marxism : Karl Marx Neo Marxism: The Frankfurt School (including theorists such as Althusser) Methodological approach = Positivism Keywords – Hypothetico deductive model, quantitative, objectivity, value freedom experiments, surveys. Sampling: Random/non random STRUCTURATION THEORY (GIDDENS) RECAP Social Action Approach = bottom up

Lesson 1

BIG Idea: How is society different to the one your grandparents grew up in? Are there things that have stayed the same?

Modernity & Globalisation The BIG Idea Modernity & Globalisation Discover the key characteristics of globalisation. Explore the question of whether globalisation has changed the nature of ‘modern’ society. We are Learning to... In today’s lesson... GOOD learning … Be able to give a basic description of both modernity and globalisation, identifying one or two characteristics for each. GREAT learning … Be able to give a clear description of both modernity and globalisation, identifying two or more characteristics for each, and discuss an opinion on whether we are still living in modernity or not. EVEN BETTER … Be able to give a clear description of both modernity and globalisation, identifying three or more characteristics for each, using examples from modern society and discuss an opinion on whether we are still living in modernity or not, clearly backing up your opinion with clear explanations. 5

Modernity: “Society that is still influenced by…” 18th & 19th Century Enlightenment Science Progress Human experience Technology Advance Rationality Write a sentence on MWBs – challenge to include as many key terms as possible.

How Modernity Changed Society Individualism Rationality WEBB PAGE 253 Capitalism The Nation State

Late Modernity/Post modernity 1970s Feminism emerged – as traditional theories were unable to explain society given it’s recent changes. 1970s- F + M failed to provide an adequate explanation for the existence of society 1970s – Social Action theories became popular but didn’t provide the overarching theoretical framework shown by F + M Functionalism and Marxism 1980s Late Modernism and Postmodernism emerged for the same reasons as above.

ACTIVITY: Look at the labels in your clothes/shoes and find four different countries in which they have been produced: Labels in their clothes – link to connectivity of economies and people

Globalisation (1970s-?) – A Process of Connectivity McDonalds & Trans-national Companies (top left, bottom right) – Availability of services v cultural hegemony (everything is the same, everywhere). QUESTION : Identify four global brand names you have seen advertised in this country or, if possible, seen in other countries: Social Networking & Communications (top right, bottom left) – People can talk to anyone around the world. Link to the revolutions in the Middle East. People, companies, governments, etc able to link. QUESTION: Identify four events in distant parts of the world that you have seen on TV in the last month:  

The Impact of Globalisation Prepare a brief summary of your element of globalisation. Technological Changes Economic Changes Political Changes Cultural Changes What has changed? What examples can you think of? What are the benefits/drawbacks of your aspect of globalisation? PAGE 253 WEBB

How Has Globalisation Changed Society? Q1 - What is globalisation? (3 marks) Q2 - Does globalisation mean we now live in a fundamentally different society, or are we still living in modernity? 1 or 2 paragraphs. Q3 (extension) - Are modernist theories still relevant? 1 paragraph. Peer Assessment: Have they met the learning outcomes? Assess where they are and give a success and a target.

Modernity & Globalisation The BIG Idea Modernity & Globalisation Discover the key characteristics of globalisation. Explore the question of whether globalisation has changed the nature of ‘modern’ society. We are Learning to... In today’s lesson... GOOD learning … Be able to give a basic description of both modernity and globalisation, identifying one or two characteristics for each. GREAT learning … Be able to give a clear description of both modernity and globalisation, identifying two or more characteristics for each, and discuss an opinion on whether we are still living in modernity or not. EVEN BETTER … Be able to give a clear description of both modernity and globalisation, identifying three or more characteristics for each, using examples from modern society and discuss an opinion on whether we are still living in modernity or not, clearly backing up your opinion with clear explanations. 13

Lesson 2

Globalisation Technological Changes Economic Changes Political Changes What are they? Positives or negatives? Culture & Identity

Post-Modernism Explore the key features and concepts of postmodernism. The BIG Idea Post-Modernism We are Learning to... Explore the key features and concepts of postmodernism. Evaluate the claim that we now live in a postmodern world. In today’s lesson... GOOD learning … Be able to explain what postmodernism is, using an example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that modernism is dead. GREAT learning … Be able to explain what postmodernism is, using more than one example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that modernism is dead. Make reference to at least one postmodernist theorist. EVEN BETTER … Be able to explain what postmodernism is, using more than one example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that modernism is dead. Make reference to more than one postmodernist theorists and evaluate their ideas. 16

Late Modernity/Post modernity 1970s Feminism emerged – as traditional theories were unable to explain society given it’s recent changes. 1970s- F + M failed to provide an adequate explanation for the existence of society 1970s – Social Action theories became popular but didn’t provide the overarching theoretical framework shown by F + M Functionalism and Marxism 1980s Late Modernism and Postmodernism emerged for the same reasons as above.

From Modernity to Post-Modernity? Modern Age Post-modern Age Production Community life Social class Family (nuclear) Tradition A one-way media Nationhood Progress through scientific discovery Structure/Stability Confusion/Choice PRINT OUT: Activity – Guess the opposites / changes

From Modernity to Post-Modernity? Modern Age Post-modern Age Production Community life Social class Family (nuclear) Tradition A one-way media Nationhood Progress through scientific discovery Consumption Individualism Identity from other sources Families (many options) Breaking from the past Duality of media (choice/interchange) Global citizenship Science is only one of a plurality of truths Structure/Stability Confusion/Choice

Jacques Derrida Post-modernists reject all ‘metanarratives’ and argue that trying to tell the ‘big story’ now is impossible. Society is in a state of flux (constant change). People are constructing themselves and designing their individual identities. All meaning is now relative and socially constructed.

Examples of meta narratives –

Jean Francois Lyotard (1984) No absolute truth. All accounts of reality are equally valid. All metanarratives are simplistic and reductionist. Knowledge is no longer a tool of the authorities – individuals have choice and freedom. Actions and ideas are now judged on how useful they are...rather than how true they are.

Jean Baudrillard IMAGE IS EVERYTHING ! We are now just customers whose desires are created by the media. We pursue the images attached to the products. We pursue ‘simulacra’ - make believe goods which bear no relationship to the real world We live in hyper-realities in which appearances are everything. IMAGE IS EVERYTHING !

Baudrillard -Culture and Identity Culture and identity in postmodern society differ from modern society, (largely because of the media (hyper-reality). The media transmits many different messages and people cease to believe any one version of reality, so culture becomes fragmented. People stop believing in metanarratives due to people hearing too many versions of the truth. Identity is destabilised, identity no longer from class etc, instead we construct / change our own identity through changing our consumption patterns. We can’t improve society due to hyper-reality. Baudrillard – Simulacra Key ideas- Society is no longer based on the production of material goods, but rather on buying and selling knowledge in the form of signs. Signs in the past had some bearing to reality, where as those today don’t have any connection. Signs that have no connection to reality are called Simulacra. This situation is called hyper-reality.

Disneyland is a simulacra. It is a simulated reality Disneyland is a simulacra. It is a simulated reality. Made real by our imaginations. Buying into an illusion. The power of symbols over substance.

Activity Dominic Strinati (1995) identifies five main features of current popular culture that reflect postmodern influences. Discuss in a small group suggestions for at least two or three further examples for each of Strinati’s categories. A breakdown of the distinction between culture and society. For example, media images increasingly dominate our sense of reality and how we define ourselves.   An emphasis on style at the expense of substance and content. For example, the importance of packaging, designer labels and advertising, rather than quality of content. A breakdown of the distinction between high culture and popular culture. For example, prints of Monet paintings on umbrellas; opera and football; Campbell’s soup cans as art. Confusion over time and space. For example, ‘visits’ to soap operas by famous ‘real’ people; lifts and pipes on the outsides of buildings rather than the insides; sporting events seen all over the world at once. The decline of ‘meta-narratives’ such as religion, science and political theories. For example, phone-ins where everyone’s view is as good as the expert’s; mixtures of genres and styles in films, buildings etc. ACTIVITY 2

What are Grand Narratives? Lyotard What are Grand Narratives? Under what circumstances have they come about? What is the link between sociological theory and contemporary society? Baudrillard What is knowledge and what is it used for? According to Baudrillard how do we demonstrate our lack of interest in social solidarity and politics? What role has media played in ‘the death of the social’? How does consumption help to demonstrate the idea of ‘sign objects’? What are simulacra and how to do they link with hyperreality? RECAP SHEET

Evaluations of Postmodernism? Strengths: It addresses the growing impact of mass media on society. It challenged the absolutist positions of the old metanarratives. It sees individuals as having choices to create ‘pick and mix’ identities through consumerism. Weaknesses: Is postmodernism not a metanarrative? Postmodernism emphasises the cultural at the expense of the social and economic. It fails to recognise the constraints on the individuals of the huge social inequalities that still exist based on economics, gender and ethnicity.

Postmodernism Using the images and your notes from today, try to write a paragraph in response to the following question: Are the traditions of the Enlightenment still relevant? Are modernist theories still relevant? Consider whether we can still hope to improve society through science and objective knowledge, or is society too chaotic?

Post-Modernism Explore the key features and concepts of postmodernism. The BIG Idea Post-Modernism We are Learning to... Explore the key features and concepts of postmodernism. Evaluate the claim that we now live in a postmodern world. In today’s lesson... GOOD learning … Be able to explain what postmodernism is, using an example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that modernism is dead. GREAT learning … Be able to explain what postmodernism is, using more than one example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that modernism is dead. Make reference to at least one postmodernist theorists. EVEN BETTER … Be able to explain what postmodernism is, using more than one example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that modernism is dead. Make reference to more than one postmodernist theorists and evaluate their ideas. 34

Lesson 3

Modern Age Postmodern Age Production Community life Social class Family (nuclear) Tradition A one-way media Nationhood Progress through scientific discovery Structure/Stability Confusion/Choice

Modern Age Postmodern Age Production Community life Social class Family (nuclear) Tradition A one-way media Nationhood Progress through scientific discovery Consumption Individualism Identity from other sources Families (many options) Breaking from the past Plurality of media Global citizenship Science is only one of a plurality of truths Structure/Stability Confusion/Choice

Theories of Late Modernity The BIG Idea Theories of Late Modernity Explore the idea that we are currently in an era of late modernity. Evaluate the claim that we are currently in an era of late modernity. We are Learning to... In today’s lesson... GOOD learning … Be able to explain the theory of late modernity, using an example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that we are in the last of the modern era. GREAT learning … Be able to explain the theory of late modernity, using more than one example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that we are in the last of the modern era. Make reference to at least one sociological theorist. EVEN BETTER … Be able to explain and evaluate the theory of late modernity, using more than one example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that we are in the last of the modern era. Make reference to at least two sociological theorists. 39

Late Modernity/Post modernity 1970s Feminism emerged – as traditional theories were unable to explain society given it’s recent changes. 1970s- F + M failed to provide an adequate explanation for the existence of society 1970s – Social Action theories became popular but didn’t provide the overarching theoretical framework shown by F + M Functionalism and Marxism 1980s Late Modernism and Postmodernism emerged for the same reasons as above.

Theories of late modernity Theories of late modernity argue that today’s rapid changes are not the dawn of a new postmodern era, but a continuation of modern society. Key features of modernity have now become intensified; e.g. change has always been typical of modern society, but now it has gone into overdrive. Unlike Postmodernism, theories of late modernity still subscribe to the Enlightenment project.

Giddens: Late Modernity

Individualism & Risk Individualism & Risk RISK & REFLEXIVITY

Beck: The Risk Society

Beck Activity We can analyse different aspects of our lives and careers in terms of the ’risks’ described by Ulrich Beck. Can you think of examples of how you have changed your own behaviour as a result of risks that you perceive? Assess the potential risks that might result from a decision one way or the other: Explain why a person living in 1900 might be less likely to have faced such risks. The decision whether or not to marry at age 22. The decision whether to take a year out in a job rather than go to university directly from school. The decision whether or not to resign from a job in order to spend a year travelling round the world. The decision whether or not to move on retirement to a bungalow by the sea. ACTIVITY 3

Beck’s Risk Theory – A Late Modern Approach Criticisms – 1. 2. 3. Beck’s Risk Theory – A Late Modern Approach Risk Society What is the difference between risks and hazards? How have risks changed in the late modern period? What is reflexive modernisation? What is individualization and why have people moved towards it? REFLECTION SHEET p.257 WEBB

Bauman: Liquid Modernity

Theories of Late Modernity The BIG Idea Theories of Late Modernity Explore the idea that we are currently in an era of late modernity. Evaluate the claim that we are currently in an era of late modernity. We are Learning to... In today’s lesson... GOOD learning … Be able to explain the theory of late modernity, using an example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that we are in the last of the modern era. GREAT learning … Be able to explain the theory of late modernity, using more than one example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that we are in the last of the modern era. Make reference to at least one sociological theorist. EVEN BETTER … Be able to explain and evaluate the theory of late modernity, using more than one example from contemporary society to illustrate the idea that we are in the last of the modern era. Make reference to at least two sociological theorists. 48

Late modernity and postmodernity We are now living in a new era which is an unstable, fragmented, media-saturated global village, where image and reality are indistinguishable. We define ourselves by what we consume. Which do you agree with the most? The rapid changes that we are witnessing are not the dawn of a new era, on the contrary these changes are actually a continuation of modernity what has come before. Key features of what came before are now more intensified with the pace of change going into overdrive. Late modernity and postmodernity

Lesson 4

Big Idea: How could postmodernism be seen to benefit capitalism?

Marxist theories of postmodernism The BIG Idea Marxist theories of postmodernism We are Learning to... Explore Marxist perspectives on postmodernism. Evaluate the idea that postmodernism is linked to capitalism. In today’s lesson... GOOD learning … Be able to explain how some Marxists respond to the idea that we are living in a postmodern world, including more than one example. GREAT learning … Be able to explain how some Marxists respond to the idea that we are living in a postmodern world, including more than one example, key words and reference to at least one Marxist sociologist. EVEN BETTER … Be able to explain and evaluate how some Marxists respond to the idea that we are living in a postmodern world, including more than one example, key words and reference to at least one Marxist sociologist. 52

Marxism and Postmodernity Marxist David Harvey (1989) believes that we do live in a postmodern society, dominated by media, diversity and instability. As a Marxist, he sees PM not as a break from the past, but as driven by the latest stage of capitalism.

Flexible Accumulation Harvey described this new capitalism as ‘flexible accumulation,’ (or Post- Fordism), the idea that companies needed to use ICT and other systems to respond to cultural diversity and accumulate more profit.

Flexible Accumulation Companies must produce customised products for niche markets, and adapt quickly to respond to changes in fashion/ideas. Harvey argues that PM allows companies to sell ‘cultural products,’ such as fashion, music, sports and computer games all over the world.

Get them to research different menus from McDs and KFC around the world.

Political Changes Harvey also argues that flexible accumulation has: Weakened the working class and socialist movements. Instead, a variety of opposition movements have emerged (e.g. women’s liberation groups, anti-racism groups, etc). Harvey hopes for a ‘rainbow coalition.’

Evaluation Questions (-) If Marxists admit that PM has happened, are they accepting that Marx’s working class revolution has failed? (+) The anti-capitalism movement – Harvey’s rainbow alliance?

Marxist theories of postmodernism The BIG Idea Marxist theories of postmodernism We are Learning to... Explore Marxist perspectives on postmodernism. Evaluate the idea that postmodernism is linked to capitalism. In today’s lesson... GOOD learning … Be able to explain how some Marxists respond to the idea that we are living in a postmodern world, including more than one example. GREAT learning … Be able to explain how some Marxists respond to the idea that we are living in a postmodern world, including more than one example, key words and reference to at least one Marxist sociologist. EVEN BETTER … Be able to explain and evaluate how some Marxists respond to the idea that we are living in a postmodern world, including more than one example, key words and reference to at least one Marxist sociologist. 59