High Middle Ages

A. Power of the Church Church had influence in both spiritual and political matters Unifying force Structure of church was similar to the structure of feudalism Pope (Head of the Church) Clergy (Bishops and Priests) Local priests served as the main contact with the Church Members of the church

B. Power of the Church Church began to have problems with emperors Kings has control over clergy and their offices Lay investiture – the practice of the King appointing church officials Pope Gregory VII vs. Henry IV

C. Emperors Clashes with the Pope Does not settle dispute between emperor and pope Concordant of Worms Church alone could appoint a bishop and Emperor could veto the appointment

D. Church Reform Begins as a response to many problems within the Church Many village priests still married and had families Bishops sold positions in the Church Lay investiture - the practice of Kings placing friends and family in church positions

E. Church Reform Church wants to address these problems 1. Enforced laws against the marriage of priests and the selling of Church offices 2. Created a group, the Curia made church law and enforced it 3. Church collected a tax from all believers - used to care for the sick and poor.

F. Cathedrals Built new churches – cathedrals New style of architecture called Gothic Very tall, reaching toward heaven Walls covered with windows of colorful stained glass, which let in beautiful light and told religious stories

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPdEdmUZxt4

G. The Crusades The renewed faith also led to war Muslim Turks were threatening Constantinople The pope urged leaders of Western Europe to begin a holy war He wanted Christians to gain control of Jerusalem and the entire Holy Land This was the first of nine Crusades fought over the next 200 years

H. The Crusades Why did people support the Crusades? Rulers and the Church favored the Crusades because they sent warlike knights out of their lands Common people joined the Crusades out of deep religious feeling

I. Were the Crusades really a “Holy War” Why were we fighting? Pope – Wanted to reclaim Holy Lands. Kings – Get rid of knights who fought each other. Knights – Opportunity to fight. Merchants – Got rich by making cash loans to finance the journey; wanted to control key trade routes. Serfs – Hoped to gain land and position in society.

J. Effects Power of the popes weakened Power of the nobles reduced Trade was revived The Christians harsh treatment of Muslims in the Holy Land led to bitterness that has lasted to the present

K. Changes in Medieval Society European cities changed the feudal system as agriculture, trade, finance, and universities developed.

L. Changes in Medieval Society – Agriculture Improved food supply Climate warmed Developed new ways of farming Plows with horses because new harness was developed Three-field system

M. Changes in Medieval Society – Trade and Finance Craft workers made goods that were sent all over Europe Trade fairs Guilds Workers in the same craft For example, cloth makers Set standards for their products, fair prices, and rules to enter a craft

N. Changes in Medieval Society – Towns Grew Towns grew quickly Dirty Built entirely of wood Fire hazards Haven for peasants After you lived in a town for a year and a day you were free Wealthier people won the right not to pay taxes to lords and govern themselves

O. Effects Growing trade and wealth led to an interest in learning Contact with the Muslims bought back ancient Greek and Roman books

P. England and France As the kingdoms of England and France began to develop nations, certain democratic traditions came about.

Q. England Formed by the blending of culture William the Conqueror Danish Vikings versus Anglo-Saxons William the Conqueror Duke of Normandy, France Took over England in the Battle of Hastings

R. Henry II (1154 to 1189) Added more land through marriage Sent royal judges to every part of England Introduced the use of jury The rulings of the judges formed England’s common law.

S. John the Softsword Lost all the lands in northern France Cruel to his subjects Raised taxes Angered the Church Eventually the nobles revolted Forced him to sign the Magna Carta Guaranteed certain basic political rights Included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection of the law

T. Edward I Created Parliament Two citizens from every borough and two knights from every county Would call on Parliament when a new tax was needed Weakened the power of the lords

U. France In 1000, France was divided into 47 territories Capetian kings changed that Power grew outward from Paris

Events which change the Middle Ages

A. Great Schism 1300, Pope Boniface VIII attempted to enforce his papal authority over Philip IV 1305, Philip persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as the new pope Clement V is selected Moved capital from Rome to Avignon (in France)

B. Great Schism Reformers tried to move papacy back to Rome 1378, the Pope died Cardinals chose Pope Urban VI Many regretted their choice because he was radical Chose Robert of Geneva a few months later Now there were TWO popes…

C. Great Schism This began a split in the Church known as the Great Schism Created the Council of Constance to choose a single pope Chose Martin V Left the papacy greatly weakened

D. Bubonic Plague 1300s, epidemic struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe 1/3 of Europe died from the deadly disease http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZBRdTSgjjI

E. Effects of the Plague Town populations fell Trade declined Serfs left manors Jews were blamed for the plague Church lost a lot of influence

F. Hundred Years’ War Philip IV of France dies without an heir Edward III of England claims throne (he was grandson of Philip IV) Started a century long conflict between the two nations

G. Hundred Years’ War Longbow Joan of Arc She lead a French army and won Allowed the French to crown a new king She was captured by English allies Tried and burned at the stake

H. Hundred Years’ War Ended in 1453 Fought on French land Land was destroyed Produced national feelings in both England and France