CONCLUSION A Look Back and a Look Forward

Michelangelo Buonarroti, Last Judgment, Sistine Chapel, 1536-1541

Charon Minos River Styx

SACRED IMAGE vs. WORK OF ART

(Greek EIKŌN, Latin IMAGO) IMAGE (Greek EIKŌN, Latin IMAGO)

God created man in his own image. (Genesis 1:27)

Giotto di Bondone, The Stigmatization of Saint Francis, ca. 1300

Scene of icon veneration, Hamilton Psalter, ca. 1300

Second Commandment (Exodus 20:4-5) You shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them or serve them.

Khludov Psalter, mid-9th century

Rogier van der Weyden, St. Luke Drawing the Virgin and Child, ca. 1435-1440

Icon of the Virgin and Child attributed to St. Luke, church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 6th century (?) with later repainting

Hans Memling, St. Veronica displaying the Veronica,

Display of the Veronica at St Display of the Veronica at St. Peter’s, woodcut illustration from the Mirabilia Romae (“Marvels of Rome”), ca. 1475

Benedetto da Maiano, Monument to Giotto di Bondone, Florence Cathedral, 1490

Micromosaic icon of Christ, 12th century

I have done a good Veronica in oil, worth twelve guilders I have done a good Veronica in oil, worth twelve guilders. I gave it to Francisco, the agent in Portugal. I then painted another Veronica in oil, better than the first, and gave it to the agent Brandan in Portugal. Albrecht Dürer’s Diary, January 1, 1521

Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait, 1500

Lucas Cranach the Elder, Martin Luther, 1529

Destruction of religious images in the city of Bern, Switzerland, illustration from a copy of Heinrich Bullinger’s History of the Reformation, 1605-1606

Council of Trent (1545-1563)